ArticleSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)1996
Physical and physiological factors associated with success in the triathlon.
Article in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is tDCS an Adjunct Ergogenic Resource for Improving Muscular Strength and Endurance Performance? A Systematic Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Pooled it
- Physiological Changes Across a Sport Season in a Nine-Time World-Champion Triathlete: A Case Report.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cycling Isokinetic Peak Force Explains Maximal Aerobic Power and Physiological Thresholds but Not Cycling Economy in Trained Triathletes.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Cycling is the most important predictive split discipline in professional Ironman® 70.3 triathletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Physiological profile comparison between high intensity functional training, endurance and power athletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2022Article
- Elite Triathlete Profiles in Draft-Legal Triathlons as a Basis for Talent Identification.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- The beginning of success: Performance trends and cut-off values for junior and the U23 triathlon categories.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2022Article
- Halo Sport Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improved Muscular Endurance Performance and Neuromuscular Efficiency During an Isometric Submaximal Fatiguing Elbow Flexion Task.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Recent Improvements in Marathon Run Times Are Likely Technological, Not Physiological.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Cut-Off Values in the Prediction of Success in Olympic Distance Triathlon.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Gross and delta efficiencies during uphill running and cycling among elite triathletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2020Article
- Changes in Triathletes' Performance and Body Composition During a Specific Training Period for a Half-Ironman Race.Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
- Cycling as the Best Sub-8-Hour Performance Predictor in Full Distance Triathlon.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Core Temperature Response During the Marathon Portion of the Ironman World Championship (Kona-Hawaii).Frontiers in physiology · 2019Article
- Lower Leg Length is Associated with Running Economy in High Level Caucasian Distance Runners.Journal of human kinetics · 2017Article
- Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years?Open access journal of sports medicine · 2015Review
- What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? - a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2015Review
- Vegan triple-ironman (raw vegetables/fruits).Case reports in cardiology · 2014Article
- BMI, a performance parameter for speed improvement.PloS one · 2014Article
- Temporal activity in particular segments and transitions in the olympic triathlon.Journal of human kinetics · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The physiological demands of sequential exercise in swimming, cycling and running are unique and require the triathlete to develop physical and physiological characteristics that are a blend of those seen in endurance swimming, cycling and running specialists. Elite triathletes are generally tall, of average to light weight and have low levels of body fat, a physique which provides the advantages of large leverage and an optimal power to surface area or weight ratio. Triathletes have high maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) values, but VO2max may be on average marginally lower than values previously observed in endurance specialists. Although VO2max is a predictor of performance in triathletes of mixed abilities, it cannot be used to predict performance within homogenous groups of elite performers. Nevertheless, elite triathletes have significantly higher VO2max values than sub-elite triathletes and high VO2max levels are required for success in triathlons. The ability of the triathlete to exercise at a lower percentage of VO2max for a given submaximal workload may be especially important to triathlon success. This is influenced not only by VO2max itself, but also by anaerobic threshold and economy of movement. Anaerobic threshold, as indicated by either ventilatory threshold or lactate threshold, improves with triathlon training and when measured in the appropriate exercise mode has been related to swim, cycle and run performance in the triathlon. Economy of movement in swimming, cycling and running is also related to triathlon performance, and swimming economy in particular appears to be an area where triathletes could make large improvements. Future research should utilise experimental methodologies to investigate triathlon physiology, in particular, the influence of sequential exercise in different exercise modes on physiological function and examine the influence of different training interventions on triathlon physiology and performance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.