ArticleJournal of virology1996
Interleukin-4 mediates down regulation of antiviral cytokine expression and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and exacerbates vaccinia virus infection in vivo.
Article in Journal of virology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Immune responses in chicken mucosal lymphoid tissues following oral and eye drop vaccination and revaccination with live modified vaccine of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV).Archives of virology · 2026Article
- IL-4 impairs the formation of skin-resident memory CD8Nature immunology · 2025Article
- A multi-antigen-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides higher immune responses and protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- The MVA-VP2-NS1-2A-NS2-Nt vaccine candidate provides heterologous protection in sheep against bluetongue virus.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Emodin as an Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Immune profile and responses of a novel dengue DNA vaccine encoding an EDIII-NS1 consensus design based on Indo-African sequences.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Article
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- Recommendations for Vaccination in Children with Atopic Dermatitis Treated with Dupilumab: A Consensus Meeting, 2020.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2021Article
- Cytokines, Antibodies, and Histopathological Profiles during Giardia Infection and Variant-Specific Surface Protein-Based Vaccination.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Review
- T-cell immune response against cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood and colonic mucosa from ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients.Intestinal research · 2018Article
- Temporal Characterization of Marburg Virus Angola Infection following Aerosol Challenge in Rhesus Macaques.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Cytokine modulation correlates with severity of monkeypox disease in humans.Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology · 2015Article
- Progress in oncolytic virotherapy for the treatment of thyroid malignant neoplasm.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2014Review
- Use of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing interferon gamma for post-exposure protection against vaccinia and ectromelia viruses.PloS one · 2013Article
- Reduced interleukin-4 receptor α expression on CD8+ T cells correlates with higher quality anti-viral immunity.PloS one · 2013Article
- Genome-wide analysis of polymorphisms associated with cytokine responses in smallpox vaccine recipients.Human genetics · 2012Article
- Deletion of the A35 gene from Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara increases immunogenicity and isotype switching.Vaccine · 2011Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes the growth of Th2-type cells while down regulating the development of Th1-type cells. It has been suggested that the actions of this factor inhibit Th1-type effector activity in vivo and may underlie the development of diseases normally controlled by cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we show that clearance of recombinant vaccinia viruses (VV) engineered to express the gene for murine IL-4 is markedly delayed in mice compared with control recombinant VV. While antiviral antibody levels and NK activity in mice given control virus or IL-4-expressing virus were similar, antiviral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses were profoundly suppressed throughout the course of infection with the latter. Limiting dilution analysis of IL-4-virus-infected spleens revealed a marked reduction in numbers of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase PCR analysis of splenic mRNA prepared from mice infected with the IL-4-expressing VV showed a marked down regulation of IL-12, gamma interferon, and IL-2 gene expression compared with that from mice given control virus. IL-4 also inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent mediator of antimicrobial activity. Together, these data show that IL-4 markedly suppresses the development of antiviral cell-mediated immune responses in vivo with deleterious effects on virus clearance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.