ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology1996
Carcinoma of the conjunctiva and HIV infection in Uganda and Malawi.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in Africa.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2013Pooled it
- HIV and HPV infections and ocular surface squamous neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of cancer · 2013Pooled it
- Interventions for squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in HIV-infected individuals.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Cancer risk among people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Rwanda from 2007 to 2018.International journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia Mimicking a Pigmentary Lesion in an HIV-Seropositive Indian Male.Cureus · 2024Article
- Histologic and Genomic Analysis of Conjunctival SCC in African and American Cohorts Reveal UV Light and HPV Signatures and High Tumor Mutation Burden.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- p16 Expression Correlates with Invasive Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasms in HIV-Infected Mozambicans.Ocular oncology and pathology · 2020Article
- A prospective study of the incidence, associations and outcomes of ocular surface squamous neoplasia in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2019Article
- Update on Diagnosis and Management of Conjunctival Papilloma.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2019Review
- Simultaneous presentation of ocular surface squamous neoplasia with viral retinitis in HIV-positive patients with low CD4 counts.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Conjunctival Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Corneal Stromal Invasion in Presumed Pterygia: A Case Series.Ocular oncology and pathology · 2018Article
- Telomerase promoter mutations in human immunodeficiency virus-related conjunctiva neoplasia.Journal of translational medicine · 2018Article
- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia in HIV-infected patients: current perspectives.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Review
- Ocular surface squamous neoplasia as the initial presenting sign of human immunodeficiency virus infection in 60 Asian Indian patients.International ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Intracorneal and Intraocular Invasion of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia after Intraocular Surgery: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature.Ocular oncology and pathology · 2017Article
- Diagnosis and Medical Management of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia.Expert review of ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination and Incidence of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia.International ophthalmology clinics · 2017Review
- HIV and cancer registry linkage identifies a substantial burden of cancers in persons with HIV in India.Medicine · 2016Article
- Article
- Identification of Human Herpesvirus 8 Sequences in Conjunctiva Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Ugandan Patients.BioMed research international · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo investigate the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and carcinoma of the conjunctiva in Africa, and the role of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16).
methodsPatients in Uganda and Malawi presenting to eye clinics with lesions suspicious of carcinoma were studied. Pathological confirmation of eye lesions was sought. HIV testing of patients who were biopsied and, in Uganda, of matched case control subjects was carried out as was testing of a sample of fixed biopsies for HPV-16 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The HIV-1 serology, histopathology of conjunctival biopsies (conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), invasive carcinoma, other lesions), and prevalence of HPV-16 infection were determined.
resultsOf Ugandan patients, 27/38 (71%) with carcinoma (27 invasive carcinoma, 11, CIN) were HIV positive compared with 12/76 (16%) of controls (odds ratio 13, 95% confidence interval 5-38). The calculated population aetiological fraction of carcinoma associated with HIV was 66%. Of 32 Malawian patients (20 invasive carcinoma, 12 CIN), 25/29 tested (86%) were HIV positive. HPV-16 infection was found in 7/20 (35%) of carcinoma samples, 0/9 pingueculae, and 2/6 conjunctivitis samples.
conclusionsHIV infection is strongly associated with an apparent increase in the incidence of conjunctival carcinoma in Africa. While ultraviolet light is probably the prime risk factor and HPV-16 is implicated in a proportion of cases, the interactions of ultraviolet light, HIV, HPVs, and other factors are unclear in the pathogenesis of carcinoma. The disease represents another model of multifactorial epithelial carcinogenesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.