ArticleInfection and immunity1996
Evidence for a predominant proinflammatory conjunctival cytokine response in individuals with trachoma.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluation of Chlamydia pecorum major outer membrane protein vaccine a management tool in wild koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Longitudinal changes in tear cytokines and antimicrobial proteins in trachomatous disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis L2/434/Bu Favors Hypoxia for its Growth in Human Lymphoid Jurkat Cells While Maintaining Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines.Current microbiology · 2022Article
- Immunopathogenesis of Progressive Scarring Trachoma: Results of a 4-Year Longitudinal Study in Tanzanian Children.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Ocular immune responses, Chlamydia trachomatis infection and clinical signs of trachoma before and after azithromycin mass drug administration in a treatment naïve trachoma-endemic Tanzanian community.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Article
- Immunofibrogenic Gene Expression Patterns in Tanzanian Children with OcularFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2017Article
- Article
- Exposure to an Indoor Cooking Fire and Risk of Trachoma in Children of Kongwa, Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2015Article
- Review
- Trachoma: protective and pathogenic ocular immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2013Review
- Innate immune responses and modified extracellular matrix regulation characterize bacterial infection and cellular/connective tissue changes in scarring trachoma.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Active trachoma is associated with increased conjunctival expression of IL17A and profibrotic cytokines.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- Transcriptome analysis indicates an enhanced activation of adaptive and innate immunity by chlamydia-infected murine epithelial cells treated with interferon γ.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2010Article
- Characterization of humoral immune responses to chlamydial HSP60, CPAF, and CT795 in inflammatory and severe trachoma.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2010Article
- Pathway-focused arrays reveal increased matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) transcription in trachomatous trichiasis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2010Article
- Age, sex, and cohort effects in a longitudinal study of trachomatous scarring.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2009Article
- Role of secreted conjunctival mucosal cytokine and chemokine proteins in different stages of trachomatous disease.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2008Article
- Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammatory genes as risk factors associated with trachomatous trichiasis.PloS one · 2008Article
- Genetic variation at the TNF locus and the risk of severe sequelae of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Gambians.Genes and immunity · 2007Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune responses to Chlamydia trachomatis infection in trachoma do not protect against reinfection or the development of scarring and blindness. In addition, the immunoregulatory contribution of cytokines to the development of conjunctival histopathology or protection is undefined. In this study, conjunctival cytokine mRNA transcripts were compared among subgroups of chlamydia infection status and ocular disease presentations of 50 individuals from an area where trachoma is endemic. There was a significant association of elevated interleukin (IL)-1beta, transforming growth factor beta1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha transcripts with infection, follicular inflammation, and scarring. Both gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 transcripts were significantly associated with infection; slightly elevated IL-2 levels were found in inflammatory disease. High IFN-gamma transcript levels were present with follicles and inflammatory disease and to a lesser extent with inflammatory scarring. The role of IFN-gamma in protection from infection or disease was not apparent from this study, since transcripts were frequently present in both chlamydial infection and disease. IL-12 (p40) transcripts were elevated in adults and children in association with follicular inflammation but not with scarring. IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 transcripts were not detected in any samples. In conclusion, C. trachomatis infection stimulates local cytokines which favor a strong cell-mediated and proinflammatory response in both the early and later manifestations of trachoma. In addition, cytokine transcript levels that were associated with disease but no infection were characteristically lower overall than when chlamydia was present.
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