ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
kappa opioid receptors in human microglia downregulate human immunodeficiency virus 1 expression.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- The actions of morphine on microglia and the underlying effects on associated adverse effects.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Opioid Receptors in Psychedelia: Indirect Serotonergic Modulation of Direct KOR Activation by Salvinorin A.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- κ-opioid receptor: from analgesic target to neuroimmune hub.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Differential Regulation of Tachykinin and Opioid System Gene Expression in Brain and Immune Cells of Chronic Binge Alcohol-Treated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2023Article
- Kappa Opioid Receptor Expression and Function in Cells of the Immune System.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2022Article
- Blockade of kappa-opioid receptors amplifies microglia-mediated inflammatory responses.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2022Article
- The Kappa Opioid Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Multiple Pathologies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Review
- Antipruritic Effect of Nalbuphine, a Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist, in Mice: A Pan Antipruritic.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- An Investigation into Proteomic Constituents of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with Chronic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Medicated with Opioids- a Pilot Study.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2021Article
- Buprenorphine Increases HIV-1 Infection In Vitro but Does Not Reactivate HIV-1 from Latency.Viruses · 2021Article
- Potassium Channels Kv1.3 and Kir2.1 But Not Kv1.5 Contribute to BV2 Cell Line and Primary Microglial Migration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- The Salvinorin Analogue, Ethoxymethyl Ether Salvinorin B, Promotes Remyelination in Preclinical Models of Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- The role of gut-immune-brain signaling in substance use disorders.International review of neurobiology · 2021Article
- Opioid and neuroHIV Comorbidity - Current and Future Perspectives.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Targeting Nitric Oxide Production in Microglia with Novel Imidazodiazepines for Nonsedative Pain Treatment.ACS chemical neuroscience · 2020Article
- Glial neuroimmune signaling in opioid reward.Brain research bulletin · 2020Review
- Microglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Review
- Opioids, gliosis and central immunomodulation.Journal of anesthesia · 2018Review
- Neurobiological Effects of Morphine after Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of neurotrauma · 2017Article
- Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the brain, play an important role in the neuropathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and recent studies suggest that opioid peptides regulate the function of macrophages from somatic tissues. We report herein the presence of kappa opioid receptors (KORs) in human fetal microglia and inhibition of HIV-1 expression in acutely infected microglial cell cultures treated with KOR ligands. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analyses, we found that mRNA for the KOR was constitutively expressed in microglia and determined that the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame was identical to that of the human brain KOR gene. The expression of KOR in microglial cells was confirmed by membrane binding of [3H]U69,593, a kappa-selective ligand, and by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of microglial cell cultures with U50,488 or U69,593 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of expression of the monocytotropic HIV-1 SF162 strain. This antiviral effect of the kappa ligands was blocked by the specific KOR antagonist, nor-binaltrophimine. These findings suggest that kappa opioid agonists have immunomodulatory activity in the brain, and that these compounds could have potential in the treatment of HIV-1-associated encephalopathy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.