ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
Substitution rate calibration of small subunit ribosomal RNA identifies chlorarachniophyte endosymbionts as remnants of green algae.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strain-level diversity of giant viruses infecting chlorarachniophyte algae in the subtropical North Pacific.The ISME journal · 2026Article
- Viridiuvalis adhaerens gen. et sp. nov., a novel colony-forming chlorarachniophyte.Journal of plant research · 2017Article
- Re-analyses of "Algal" Genes Suggest a Complex Evolutionary History of Oomycetes.Frontiers in plant science · 2017Article
- Plastid genome sequences of Gymnochlora stellata, Lotharella vacuolata, and Partenskyella glossopodia reveal remarkable structural conservation among chlorarachniophyte species.Journal of plant research · 2016Article
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- Genome-wide phylogenetic comparative analysis of plant transcriptional regulation: a timeline of loss, gain, expansion, and correlation with complexity.Genome biology and evolution · 2010Article
- Norrisiella sphaerica gen. et sp. nov., a new coccoid chlorarachniophyte from Baja California, Mexico.Journal of plant research · 2007Article
- The two AGPase subunits evolve at different rates in angiosperms, yet they are equally sensitive to activity-altering amino acid changes when expressed in bacteria.The Plant cell · 2007Article
- Complete nucleotide sequence of the chlorarachniophyte nucleomorph: nature's smallest nucleus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2006Article
- Comparative rates of evolution in endosymbiotic nuclear genomes.BMC evolutionary biology · 2006Article
- A "green" phosphoribulokinase in complex algae with red plastids: evidence for a single secondary endosymbiosis leading to haptophytes, cryptophytes, heterokonts, and dinoflagellates.Journal of molecular evolution · 2006Article
- A new scenario of plastid evolution: plastid primary endosymbiosis before the divergence of the "Plantae," emended.Journal of plant research · 2005Review
- Multi-membrane-bound structures of Apicomplexa: I. the architecture of the Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast.Parasitology research · 2005Article
- Nuclear DNA content estimates in multicellular green, red and brown algae: phylogenetic considerations.Annals of botany · 2005Article
- How many novel eukaryotic 'kingdoms'? Pitfalls and limitations of environmental DNA surveys.BMC biology · 2004Article
- Phylogeny of plastids based on cladistic analysis of gene loss inferred from complete plastid genome sequences.Journal of molecular evolution · 2003Article
- Lateral gene transfer and the evolution of plastid-targeted proteins in the secondary plastid-containing alga Bigelowiella natans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2003Article
- Genomic reduction and evolution of novel genetic membranes and protein-targeting machinery in eukaryote-eukaryote chimaeras (meta-algae).Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2003Article
- The analysis of 100 genes supports the grouping of three highly divergent amoebae: Dictyostelium, Entamoeba, and Mastigamoeba.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2002Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chlorarachniophytes are amoeboid algae with chlorophyll a and b containing plastids that are surrounded by four membranes instead of two as in plants and green algae. These extra membranes form important support for the hypothesis that chlorarachniophytes have acquired their plastids by the ingestion of another eukaryotic plastid-containing alga. Chlorarachniophytes also contain a small nucleus-like structure called the nucleomorph situated between the two inner and the two outer membranes surrounding the plastid. This nucleomorph is a remnant of the endosymbiont's nucleus and encodes, among other molecules, small subunit ribosomal RNA. Previous phylogenetic analyses on the basis of this molecule provided unexpected and contradictory evidence for the origin of the chlorarachniophyte endosymbiont. We developed a new method for measuring the substitution rates of the individual nucleotides of small subunit ribosomal RNA. From the resulting substitution rate distribution, we derived an equation that gives a more realistic relationship between sequence dissimilarity and evolutionary distance than equations previously available. Phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of evolutionary distances computed by this new method clearly situate the chlorarachniophyte nucleomorphs among the green algae. Moreover, this relationship is confirmed by transversion analysis of the Chlorarachnion plastid small subunit ribosomal RNA.
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