ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
Gestational drive and the green-bearded placenta.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- A gradient green-beard gene in fission yeast.EMBO reports · 2026Article
- Micro-to multi-chimerism: the multiple facets of a singular phenomenon.Seminars in immunopathology · 2025Review
- Why humans evolved blue eyes.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Exposure to heat stress leads to striking clone-specific nymph deformity in pea aphid.PloS one · 2023Article
- Selfish evolution of placental hormones.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Kin recognition and outer membrane exchange (OME) in myxobacteria.Current opinion in microbiology · 2020Review
- Evolution of strategic cooperation.Evolution letters · 2020Article
- Retrotransposon gag-like 1 (RTL1) and the molecular evolution of self-targeting imprinted microRNAs.Biology direct · 2019Article
- Article
- Intragenomic Conflict and Immune Tolerance: Do Selfish X-Linked Alleles Drive Skewed X Chromosome Inactivation?Genome biology and evolution · 2018Article
- The coadaptation theory for genomic imprinting.Evolution letters · 2017Article
- A polychromatic 'greenbeard' locus determines patterns of cooperation in a social amoeba.Nature communications · 2017Article
- Selfish genetic elements and the gene's-eye view of evolution.Current zoology · 2016Article
- Imprints and DPPA3 are bypassed during pluripotency- and differentiation-coupled methylation reprogramming in testicular germ cell tumors.Genome research · 2016Article
- Evolutionary mysteries in meiosis.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2016Review
- Kin Recognition in Bacteria.Annual review of microbiology · 2016Review
- Maternal-fetal conflict, genomic imprinting and mammalian vulnerabilities to cancer.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2015Review
- Sexually antagonistic zygotic drive: a new form of genetic conflict between the sex chromosomes.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology · 2015Review
- Inheritance of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype in recurrent pregnancy loss.Evolution, medicine, and public health · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A "green beard" refers to a gene, or group of genes, that is able to recognize itself in other individuals and direct benefits to these individuals. Green-beard effects have been dismissed as implausible by authors who have implicitly assumed sophisticated mechanisms of perception and complex behavioral responses. However, many simple mechanisms for genes to "recognize" themselves exist at the maternal-fetal interface of viviparous organisms. Homophilic cell adhesion molecules, for example, are able to interact with copies of themselves on other cells. Thus, the necessary components of a green-beard effect -- feature, recognition, and response -- can be different aspects of the phenotype of a single gene. Other green-beard effects could involve coalitions of genes at closely linked loci. In fact, any form of epistasis between a locus expressed in a mother and a closely linked locus expressed in the fetus has the property of "self-recognition." Green-beard effects have many formal similarities to systems of meiotic drive and, like them, can be a source of intragenomic conflict.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.