ArticleImmunology1996
Activation of an interleukin-4 mRNA-producing population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after infection with Mycobacterium bovis or vaccination with killed, but not live, BCG.
Article in Immunology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental strains of Mycobacterium avium interfere with immune responses associated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Immunoglobulin G1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Johne's Disease in red deer (Cervus elaphus).Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2005Article
- Article
- An in vivo comparison of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and cytokine-secreting BCG vaccines.Immunology · 1999Article
- Nutrition, immunity and infection: from basic knowledge of dietary manipulation of immune responses to practical application of ameliorating suffering and improving survival.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1996Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study examines the expression of mRNA for the Th2 cytokine, interleukin-4 (IL-4). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from deer infected with Mycobacterium bovis or vaccinated with live or killed M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were cultured with mycobacterial antigens. IL-4 mRNA production was assayed using the polymerase chain reaction. Elevated levels of IL-4 mRNA were detected in response to at least one antigen preparation in all animals infected with M. bovis as compared with none of the non-infected control animals. After a primary immunization, elevated levels of IL-4 mRNA were detected in only a proportion of vaccinated animals and this did not correlate with whether the vaccine was live BCG or killed BCG in oil. After boosting, all the animals vaccinated with killed BCG in oil exhibited elevated IL-4 mRNA production whereas none of the animals vaccinated with live BCG showed elevated levels. The data suggest that IL-4 is turned off during the immune response to live BCG, that boosting of low-dose live BCG vaccine may be required to 'imprint' this signal and that this may be important in the development of protective immunity to tuberculosis. Killed BCG in adjuvant is not protective and as with experimental infection with virulent M. bovis it failed to switch off the IL-4 response. IL-4 may be useful as a diagnostic tool and as an in vitro marker of vaccine efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.