ArticleInfection and immunity1996
Analysis of the superantigenic activity of mutant and allelic forms of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tracing the recent evolution of Group AEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Review
- T cells in Group AFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Global spread of Streptococcus pyogenes A genomics-supported narrative review.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Evolutionary Constraints Shaping Streptococcus pyogenes-Host Interactions.Trends in microbiology · 2017Review
- Molecular epidemiology and genomics of group A Streptococcus.Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases · 2015Review
- Adhesin competence repressor (AdcR) from Streptococcus pyogenes controls adaptive responses to zinc limitation and contributes to virulence.Nucleic acids research · 2015Article
- Evolutionary pathway to increased virulence and epidemic group A Streptococcus disease derived from 3,615 genome sequences.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2014Article
- Gram-positive bacterial superantigen outside-in signaling causes toxic shock syndrome.The FEBS journal · 2011Review
- SpyA, a C3-like ADP-ribosyltransferase, contributes to virulence in a mouse subcutaneous model of Streptococcus pyogenes infection.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- A single, engineered protein therapeutic agent neutralizes exotoxins from both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2010Article
- Cloning, expression, and characterization of the superantigen streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin G from Streptococcus dysgalactiae.Infection and immunity · 2007Article
- Survey of phenotypic and genetic features of streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated in Northwest Italy.Current microbiology · 2006Article
- Crystal structure of a dimeric form of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1).Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2004Article
- HLA-DQ6 and ingestion of contaminated water: possible gene-environment interaction in an outbreak of Leptospirosis.Genes and immunity · 2004Article
- Influences of linezolid, penicillin, and clindamycin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin a release.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2003Article
- Structural features of a zinc binding site in the superantigen strepococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA1): implications for MHC class II recognition.Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society · 2001Article
- Group A Streptococcus: allelic variation, population genetics, and host-pathogen interactions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2001Review
- Toxoids of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A are protective in rabbit models of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.Infection and immunity · 2000Article
- Identification of a novel gene cluster encoding staphylococcal exotoxin-like proteins: characterization of the prototypic gene and its protein product, SET1.Infection and immunity · 2000Article
- Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2000Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) can result in the recently described streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), which is characterized by rashes, hypotension, multiorgan failure, and a high mortality rate. S. pyogenes isolates associated with STSS usually produce streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SpeA), a bacterial superantigen capable of stimulating host immune cells. Most of the symptoms of STSS are believed to result from cytokine release by the stimulated cells. To better understand the pathogenesis of STSS, we began studies on the SpeA-immune cell interaction. We generated 20 mutant forms of SpeA1 (SpeA encoded by allele 1), and the mutant toxins were analyzed for mitogenic stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, affinity for class II major histocompatibility complex molecules (DQ), and disulfide bond formation. Residues necessary for each of these functions were identified. There are four alleles of speA, and STSS strains usually contain either allele 2 or allele 3. The product of allele 2, SpeA2, had slightly higher affinity for the class II MHC molecule compared with SpeA1 but not significantly greater mitogenic activity. SpeA3, however, was significantly increased in mitogenic activity and affinity for class II MHC compared with SpeA1. Thus, we have evidence that the toxin encoded by some of the highly virulent S. pyogenes STSS-associated isolates is a more active form of SpeA.
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