ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
Balancing immunity and tolerance: deleting and tuning lymphocyte repertoires.
Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed.
- Self-tolerance curtails the B cell repertoire to microbial epitopes.JCI insight · 2019Trial
- Defective B cell tolerance in adenosine deaminase deficiency is corrected by gene therapy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2012Trial
- A viral glycoprotein targets IgGEMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- TFEB activation hallmarks antigenic experience of B lymphocytes and directs germinal center fate decisions.Nature communications · 2024Article
- DNA origami: Interrogating the nano-landscape of immune receptor activation.Biophysical journal · 2024Review
- Hepatitis C Virus and Molecular Mimicry.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Deep immunophenotyping reveals that autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders are spread along two immunological axes capturing disease inflammation levels and types.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2024Article
- Article
- Peripheral memory B cells in multiple sclerosis vs. double negative B cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: disease driving B cell subsets during CNS inflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- TLR9 ligand sequestration by chemokine CXCL4 negatively affects central B cell tolerance.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Bioinformatics and Connectivity Map Analysis Suggest Viral Infection as a Critical Causative Factor of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Dual Effect of Immune Cells within Tumour Microenvironment: Pro- and Anti-Tumour Effects and Their Triggers.Cancers · 2022Review
- B cells in the balance: Offsetting self-reactivity avoidance with protection against foreign.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- COVID-19, varying genetic resistance to viral disease and immune tolerance checkpoints.Immunology and cell biology · 2021Review
- Tracing Self-Reactive B Cells in Normal Mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2020Article
- Virus-like particles for vaccination against cancer.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2020Review
- Impaired B-cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies.Immunological reviews · 2019Review
- Non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in autoimmunity and therapeutic implications.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2019Review
- Modulation of B cell activation threshold mediated by BCR/CD40 costimulation by targeting Cbl-b for ubiquitination.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2019Article
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunological self-tolerance is ensured by eliminating or inhibiting self-reactive lymphocyte clones, creating physical or functional holes in the B- and T-lymphocyte antigen receptor repertoires. The nature and size of these gaps in our immune defenses must be balanced against the necessity of mounting rapid immune responses to an everchanging array of foreign pathogens. To achieve this balance, only a fraction of particularly hazardous self-reactive clones appears to be physically eliminated from the repertoire in a manner that fully prevents their recruitment into an antimicrobial immune response. Many self-reactive cells are retained with a variety of conditional and potentially flexible restraints: (i) their ability to be triggered by antigen is diminished by mechanisms that tune down signaling by their antigen receptors, (ii) their ability to carry out inflammatory effector functions can be inhibited, and (iii) their capacity to migrate and persist is constrained. This balance between tolerance and immunity can be shifted, altering susceptibility to autoimmune disease and to infection by genetic or environmental differences either in the way antigens are presented, in the tuning molecules that adjust triggering set points for lymphocyte responses to antigen, or in the effector molecules that eliminate, retain, or expand particular clones.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.