ArticleAmerican journal of public health1996
Is smoking associated with depression and anxiety in teenagers?
Article in American journal of public health, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 330 citations in OpenAlex.
- Correlates of tobacco dependence and motivation to quit among young people receiving mental health treatment.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2012Trial
- Life stress, the dopamine receptor gene, and emerging adult drug use trajectories: a longitudinal, multilevel, mediated moderation analysis.Development and psychopathology · 2012Trial
- Antismoking advertisements for youths: an independent evaluation of health, counter-industry, and industry approaches.American journal of public health · 2006Trial
- Exploring the relationship between mental health and smoking cessation: a study of rural teens.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2004Trial
- Meta-Analysis of Anxiety Symptoms and Influencing Factors Among Chinese College Students.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Exploring Anxiety Triggers in Non-sedated Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Analysis.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Observational
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Depression-The Vicious Mental Cycle.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Do Antidepressants Worsen COPD Outcomes in Depressed Patients with COPD?Pulmonary therapy · 2024Review
- Prevalence and characteristics of smoking cigarette and narghile among Syrian refugee parents in Ontario, Canada.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Early life adversity and substance use: The mediating role of mood and the moderating role of impulsivity.Journal of psychiatric research · 2023Article
- Psychosocial stressors and current e-cigarette use in the youth risk behavior survey.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Anxiety among Faculty Members of Academic Institutions of a Metropolitan City: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2023Article
- The Impact of Anxiety and Depression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2023Review
- Psychological distress and smoking behaviors of Chinese college students: mediating effects of the dimensions of learning burnout.BMC psychology · 2022Article
- The Role of Social Position Within Peer Groups in Distress-Motivated Smoking Among Adolescents.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2022Article
- Electronic Cigarette Use Intentions Mediate the Association between Low Self-Control and Future Use by Internalizing Symptoms.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- Exploring the Interaction Effects of Gender Contentedness and Pubertal Timing on Adolescent Longitudinal Psychological and Behavioral Health Outcomes.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Mental Health Among School-Going Adolescents in Greater London: A Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Relationship between Smoking, Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Quality of Life among Adolescents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Relations Between Parental Distress Intolerance, Adolescent Motives for Cigarette Use, and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking Levels.Substance use & misuse · 2019Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesAn association of smoking with depression and anxiety has been documented in adult smokers. This study examines this association in a representative group of teenage smokers.
methodsA two-stage cluster sample of secondary school students in Victoria, Australia, were surveyed by using a computerized questionnaire, which included a 7-day retrospective diary for tobacco use and a structured psychiatric interview.
resultsSubjects reporting high levels of depression and anxiety were twice as likely to be smokers after the potential confounders of year level, sex, alcohol use, and parental smoking were controlled for. Regular smokers were almost twice as likely as occasional smokers to report high levels of depression and anxiety. In a stratified analysis, an association between regular smoking and psychiatric morbidity was found in girls of all ages but for boys only in the youngest group.
conclusionsThe cross-sectional association is consistent with the use of smoking by teenage girls as self-medication for depression and anxiety. Therefore, future health promotional campaigns might consider strategies that attend to perceived psychological benefits of smoking.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.