ArticleMedical care1996
A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity.
89 registry-linked trialsAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Medical care, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 89 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 7,717 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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7,717citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
7,717 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The effectiveness of nature-based interventions on mental health: A systematic review.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Pooled it
- Minimal clinically important difference (MCID), patient-acceptable state (PASS), minimally detectable change (MDC), and substantial clinical benefit (SCB) in patients who have undergone arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement: a systematic review.Journal of orthopaedics and traumatology : official journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology · 2026Pooled it
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- Trial
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7,657 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
J WareHealth Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
M Kosinski
S D Keller
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Regression methods were used to select and score 12 items from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) to reproduce the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scales in the general US population (n=2,333). The resulting 12-item short-form (SF-12) achieved multiple R squares of 0.911 and 0.918 in predictions of the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and SF-36 Mental Component Summary scores, respectively. Scoring algorithms from the general population used to score 12-item versions of the two components (Physical Components Summary and Mental Component Summary) achieved R squares of 0.905 with the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and 0.938 with SF-36 Mental Component Summary when cross-validated in the Medical Outcomes Study. Test-retest (2-week)correlations of 0.89 and 0.76 were observed for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, respectively, in the general US population (n=232). Twenty cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of empirical validity previously published for the 36-item short-form scales and summary measures were replicated for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, including comparisons between patient groups known to differ or to change in terms of the presence and seriousness of physical and mental conditions, acute symptoms, age and aging, self-reported 1-year changes in health, and recovery for depression. In 14 validity tests involving physical criteria, relative validity estimates for the 12-item Physical Component Summary ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 (median=0.67) in comparison with the best 36-item short-form scale. Relative validity estimates for the 12-item Mental Component Summary in 6 tests involving mental criteria ranged from 0.60 to 107 (median=0.97) in relation to the best 36-item short-form scale. Average scores for the 2 summary measures, and those for most scales in the 8-scale profile based on the 12-item short-form, closely mirrored those for the 36-item short-form, although standard errors were nearly always larger for the 12-item short-form.
Indexed as
Health StatusHealth SurveysMental HealthCross-Sectional StudiesHumansLongitudinal StudiesOutcome Assessment, Health CareRegression AnalysisReproducibility of ResultsUnited States
Identifiers
PMID
8628042What OpenQuestion holds
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Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
NCT00337350ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00595504ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00871299ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01069315ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01307501ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01623843ClinicalTrials.gov
and 83 more above
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.