ArticleThe Journal of cell biology1996
Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor produced in lesioned peripheral nerves induces the up-regulation of cell surface expression of MAC-2 by macrophages and Schwann cells.
Article in The Journal of cell biology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Mediators Associated With Myelination, Demyelination, and Remyelination in the Peripheral Nervous System.Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS · 2026Review
- Galectin-3 mediates lysosome-related inflammation within monocyte-derived macrophages in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- The Effect of Liraglutide on Axon Regeneration and Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Lesion.Current issues in molecular biology · 2024Article
- Deletion of CD47 from Schwann cells and macrophages hastens myelin disruption/dismantling and scavenging in Schwann cells and augments myelin debris phagocytosis in macrophages.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Beneficial Effect of Bee Venom and Its Major Components on Facial Nerve Injury Induced in Mice.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Galectin-3 (MAC-2) controls phagocytosis and macropinocytosis through intracellular and extracellular mechanisms.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Review
- Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Implications for Central Nervous System Diseases.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Article
- Article
- Immunomodulation by Schwann cells in disease.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2020Review
- Deletion of SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) promotes phagocytic clearance of myelin debris in Wallerian degeneration, axon regeneration, and recovery from nerve injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019Article
- Myocardial Galectin-3 Expression Is Associated with Remodeling of the Pressure-Overloaded Heart and May Delay the Hypertrophic Response without Affecting Survival, Dysfunction, and Cardiac Fibrosis.The American journal of pathology · 2016Article
- The neuroimmunology of degeneration and regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.Neuroscience · 2015Review
- Galectin-3 as a Potential Target to Prevent Cancer Metastasis.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2015Review
- GM-CSF reduces expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) core proteins in TGF-β-treated primary astrocytes.BMB reports · 2014Article
- Molecules involved in the crosstalk between immune- and peripheral nerve Schwann cells.Journal of clinical immunology · 2014Review
- Deletion of Nrf2 impairs functional recovery, reduces clearance of myelin debris and decreases axonal remyelination after peripheral nerve injury.Neurobiology of disease · 2013Article
- Wallerian degeneration: the innate-immune response to traumatic nerve injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2011Review
- Myelin down-regulates myelin phagocytosis by microglia and macrophages through interactions between CD47 on myelin and SIRPα (signal regulatory protein-α) on phagocytes.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is followed by Wallerian degeneration which is characterized by cellular and molecular events that turn the degenerating nerve into a tissue that supports nerve regeneration. One of these is the removal, by phagocytosis, of myelin that contains molecules which inhibit regeneration. We have recently documented that the scavenger macrophage and Schwann cells express the galactose-specific lectin MAC-2 which is significant to myelin phagocytosis. In the present study we provide evidence for a mechanism leading to the augmented expression of cell surface MAC-2. Nerve lesion causes noneuronal cells, primarily fibroblasts, to produce the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In turn, GM-CSF induces Schwann cells and macrophages to up-regulate surface expression of MAC-2. The proposed mechanism is based on the following novel observations. GM-CSF mRNA was detected by PCR in in vitro and in vivo degenerating nerves, but not in intact nerves. The GM-CSF molecule was detected by ELISA in medium conditioned by in vitro and in vivo degenerating peripheral nerves as of the 4th h after injury. GM-CSF activity was demonstrated by two independent bioassays, and repressed by activity blocking antibodies. Significant levels of GM-CSF were produced by nerve derived fibroblasts, but neither by Schwann cells nor by nerve derived macrophages. Mouse rGM-CSF enhanced MAC-2 production in nerve explants, and up-regulated cell surface expression of MAC-2 by Schwann cells and macrophages. Interleukin-1 beta up-regulated GM-CSF production thus suggesting that injury induced GM-CSF production may be mediated by interleukin-1 beta. Our findings highlight the fact that fibroblasts, by producing GM-CSF and thereby affecting macrophage and Schwann function, play a significant role in the cascade of molecular events and cellular interactions of Wallerian degeneration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.