ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1996
An immunoglobulin mutator that targets G.C base pairs.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Framework for Investigating Rules of Life by Establishing Zones of Influence.Integrative and comparative biology · 2022Article
- Related Mechanisms of Antibody Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination.Microbiology spectrum · 2015Review
- The rate of mutation of a single gene.Nucleic acids research · 2010Article
- A/T mutagenesis in hypermutated immunoglobulin genes strongly depends on PCNAK164 modification.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2007Article
- Biased dA/dT somatic hypermutation as regulated by the heavy chain intronic iEmu enhancer and 3'Ealpha enhancers in human lymphoblastoid B cells.Molecular immunology · 2006Article
- Mutational activity in cell line WEHI-231.Immunogenetics · 2005Article
- Activation-induced cytidine deaminase initiates immunoglobulin gene conversion and hypermutation by a common intermediate.PLoS biology · 2004Article
- Genome-wide somatic hypermutation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2004Article
- Overexpression of human DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu) in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line affects the somatic hypermutation rate.Nucleic acids research · 2004Article
- Somatic hypermutation in human B cell subsets.Springer seminars in immunopathology · 2001Review
- Expression of error-prone polymerases in BL2 cells activated for Ig somatic hypermutation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2001Article
- In vivo and in vitro studies of immunoglobulin gene somatic hypermutation.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2001Review
- DNA polymerase mu (Pol mu), homologous to TdT, could act as a DNA mutator in eukaryotic cells.The EMBO journal · 2000Article
- Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2000Article
- Article
- An experimental solution for the Luria-Delbrück fluctuation problem in measuring hypermutation rates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 1999Article
- Induction of Ig somatic hypermutation and class switching in a human monoclonal IgM+ IgD+ B cell line in vitro: definition of the requirements and modalities of hypermutation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 1999Article
- A role for RAD51 in the generation of immunoglobulin gene diversity in rabbits.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 1999Article
- Restricted expression of E2A protein in primary human tissues correlates with proliferation and differentiation.The American journal of pathology · 1998Article
- Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair protein.The Journal of experimental medicine · 1998Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
Hypermutation can be defined as an enhancement of the spontaneous mutation rate which the organism uses in certain types of differentiated cells where a high mutation rate is advantageous. At the immunoglobulin loci this process increases the mutation rate > 10(5)-fold over the normal, spontaneous rate. Its proximate cause is called the immunoglobulin mutator system. The most important function of this system is to improve antibody affinity in an ongoing response; it is turned on and off during the differentiation of B lymphocytes. We have established an in vitro system to study hypermutation by transfecting a rearranged mu gene into a cell line in which an immunoglobulin mutator has been demonstrated. A construct containing the mu gene and the 3' kappa enhancer has all the cis-acting elements necessary for hypermutation of the endogenous gene segments encoding the variable region. The activity of the mutator does not seem to depend strongly on the position of the transfected gene in the genome. The mutator is not active in transformed cells of a later differentiation stage. It is also not active on a transfected lacZ gene. These results are consistent with the specificity of the mutator system being maintained and make it possible to delineate cis and trans mutator elements in vitro. Surprisingly, the mutator preferentially targets G-C base pairs. Two hypotheses are discussed: (i) the immunoglobulin mutator system in mammals consists of several mutators, of which the mutator described here is only one; or (ii) the primary specificity of the system is biased toward mutation of G-C base pairs, but this specificity is obscured by antigenic selection.
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