ArticleJournal of virology1996
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 5' packaging signal structure affects translation but does not function as an internal ribosome entry site structure.
Article in Journal of virology, 1996. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-AUG HIV-1 uORF translation elicits specific T cell immune response and regulates viral transcript expression.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Translation of HIV-1 unspliced RNA is regulated by 5' untranslated region structure.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Role of RNA structural plasticity in modulating HIV-1 genome packaging and translation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Sequestering the 5'-cap for viral RNA packaging.BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology · 2022Article
- Upstream of N-Ras (Unr/CSDE1) Interacts with NCp7 and Gag, Modulating HIV-1 IRES-Mediated Translation Initiation.Viruses · 2022Article
- 5'-Cap sequestration is an essential determinant of HIV-1 genome packaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2021Article
- CBP80/20-dependent translation initiation factor (CTIF) inhibits HIV-1 Gag synthesis by targeting the function of the viral protein Rev.RNA biology · 2021Article
- HIV-1 Subtypes and 5'LTR-Leader Sequence Variants Correlate with Seroconversion Status in Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort.Viruses · 2017Article
- The basal translation rate of authentic HIV-1 RNA is regulated by 5'UTR nt-pairings at junction of R and U5.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Two ribosome recruitment sites direct multiple translation events within HIV1 Gag open reading frame.Nucleic acids research · 2017Article
- Transcriptional start site heterogeneity modulates the structure and function of the HIV-1 genome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2016Article
- NMR detection of intermolecular interaction sites in the dimeric 5'-leader of the HIV-1 genome.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2016Article
- The Life-Cycle of the HIV-1 Gag-RNA Complex.Viruses · 2016Review
- Structural domains within the HIV-1 mRNA and the ribosomal protein S25 influence cap-independent translation initiation.The FEBS journal · 2016Article
- Conserved determinants of lentiviral genome dimerization.Retrovirology · 2015Article
- Translational Control of the HIV Unspliced Genomic RNA.Viruses · 2015Review
- Review
- Progress and outlook in structural biology of large viral RNAs.Virus research · 2014Review
- Translation initiation of the HIV-1 mRNA.Translation (Austin, Tex.) · 2014Review
- The 5' untranslated region of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 mRNA enables cap-independent translation initiation.Journal of virology · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The role of the RNA secondary structure in the 5' packaging signal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in initiating translation of gag mRNA has been investigated both in vitro and in the presence of cellular cofactors in vivo. Heat denaturation of the structure and mutagenic deletion both lead to an increase in levels of translated products, indicating that the structure is a significant inhibitor of translation. The proximity of the gag AUG to the packaging signal structure suggested that it might function as an internal ribosome entry site. However, in both a cell-free system and eukaryotic cells, translation will initiate at a novel upstream initiation codon introduced within the 5' noncoding region. This codon is utilized exclusively, resulting in gag protein products with an extra 11 amino acids at the amino terminus, which, when expressed in T lymphocytes, are confined intracellularly, probably because of the lack of an N-terminal glycine myristoylation signal. Deletion of the secondary structure abolishes gag production even in the presence of tat and rev in trans. Using dicistronic constructs containing the HIV-1 5' leader cloned between two heterologous open reading frames, we were unable to detect any significant expression of the second open reading frame that would have been supportive of an internal ribosome entry site mechanism. Using mutant proviruses either lacking the entire packaging signal structure region or containing the introduced upstream initiation codon in long-term replication studies, we were unable to detect reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatants. The 5' packaging signal structure of HIV-1 does not serve as an internal ribosome entry site. The translation of gag is consistent with ribosomal scanning. However, the packaging signal structure causes significant translational inhibition.
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