Identification of major histocompatibility complex genes in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.

The guppy, Poecilia reticulata, a teleostean fish of the order Cyprinodontiformes, has been used extensively in studies of host-parasite interactions, courtship behavior, and mating preference, as well as in ecological and evolutionary genetics. A related species was among the first poikilotherm vertebrates to be used in the study of histocompatibility genes. All these studies could benefit from the identification and characterization of the guppy major histocompatibility complex (Mhc) genes. Here, both class I and class II genes of the guppy are described. The number of expressed loci, as determined by representation of clones in a cDNA library, sequencing, and Southern blot analysis, may be low in both Mhc classes: combined evidence suggests that there may be one expressed class II locus only and one or two expressed class I loci. The variability of aquaristic guppy stocks is very low: only three and two genes have been detected at the class I and class II loci, respectively, in the stocks examined. This genetic paucity is most likely the consequence of breeding practices employed by aquarists and commercial establishments. Limited sampling of wild guppy populations revealed extensive Mhc polymorphism at loci of both classes in nature. Comparison of guppy Mhc sequences with those of other vertebrates has revealed the existence of a set of insertions/deletions which can be used as characters in cladistic analysis to infer phylogenetic relationships among vertebrate taxa and the Mhc genes themselves. These indels are particularly frequent in the regions coding for the loops of alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of class I proteins.