ArticleMolecular and cellular biology1995
The human growth hormone gene is regulated by a multicomponent locus control region.
Article in Molecular and cellular biology, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 182 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence for Pituitary Repression of the Human Growth Hormone-Related Placental Lactogen Genes and a Role for P Sequences.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- FOXO Transcription Factors Are Required for Normal Somatotrope Function and Growth.Endocrinology · 2022Article
- Article
- Transcriptome Analyses of Female Somatotropes and Lactotropes Reveal Novel Regulators of Cell Identity in the Pituitary.Endocrinology · 2018Article
- Article
- Extensive phenotypic characterization of a new transgenic mouse reveals pleiotropic perturbations in physiology due to mesenchymal hGH minigene expression.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Evidence for a Circadian Effect on the Reduction of Human Growth Hormone Gene Expression in Response to Excess Caloric Intake.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2016Article
- Long-range looping of a locus control region drives tissue-specific chromatin packing within a multigene cluster.Nucleic acids research · 2016Article
- Functional characterization of a human POU1F1 mutation associated with isolated growth hormone deficiency: a novel etiology for IGHD.Human molecular genetics · 2016Article
- A Common Phenotype Polymorphism in Mammalian Brains Defined by Concomitant Production of Prolactin and Growth Hormone.PloS one · 2016Article
- Autonomous actions of the human growth hormone long-range enhancer.Nucleic acids research · 2015Article
- Expression of Placental Members of the Human Growth Hormone Gene Family Is Increased in Response to Sequential Inhibition of DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation.BioResearch open access · 2015Article
- Energy homeostasis targets chromosomal reconfiguration of the human GH1 locus.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2014Article
- Tissue specific CTCF occupancy and boundary function at the human growth hormone locus.Nucleic acids research · 2014Article
- Enhancer biology and enhanceropathies.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2014Review
- Article
- CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and downstream human placental growth hormone genes are targets for dysregulation in pregnancies complicated by maternal obesity.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2013Article
- Identification of a secondary promoter within the human B cell receptor component gene hCD79b.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2013Article
- Distinct chromatin configurations regulate the initiation and the maintenance of hGH gene expression.Molecular and cellular biology · 2013Article
- Lentiviral and Moloney retroviral expression of green fluorescent protein in somatotrophs in vivo.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The five-member human growth hormone (hGH)/chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) gene cluster encodes the pituitary-specific hGH-N gene and four highly related genes (hGH-V, hCS-A, hCS-B, and hCS-L) that are expressed only in the placenta. When the hGH-N or hCS-A gene, together with all previously identified cis-acting regulatory sequences, was integrated into the mouse genome, it was expressed only sporadically and at low levels in the transgenic target organs. DNase I mapping of chromatin from expressing and nonexpressing cell types was used to identify a pituitary-specific set of DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HS) and a set of HS common to both the pituitary and placenta, centered approximately 15 and 30 kb 5' of hGH-N, respectively. When contained on a cosmid insert in their native genomic configuration, these HS consistently directed high-level, pituitary-specific expression of hGH-N in transgenic mice and appeared to define a locus control region required for hGH-N expression. Individually, each set of HS was able to mediate position-independent hGH-N expression in the pituitary but demonstrated loss of physiologic control and loss of tissue specificity. The gene-proximal set of HS contained a potent enhancer activity in the pituitary, while the more distal set appeared to function primarily to establish site-of-integration independence. These data indicate that synergistic interactions among multiple elements are required to restrict hGH-N transcription to the pituitary and generate appropriate levels of expression. In addition, these results suggest a role for both shared and unique regulatory sequences in locus control region-mediated expression of the hGH/hCS gene cluster in the pituitary and possibly the placenta.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.