Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation1993
Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 536 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Role of GIP, GLP-1 and GLP-2 in Type 2 Diabetic Hyperglucagonemia
Effect of GIP / GIP Analog in Type 2 Diabetes After a Meal
Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance in Critical Illness: Role of Systemic Inflammation and GLP-1
Does Physical Training Effect the Incretin Effect
Investigating the Incretin Effect in Cystic Fibrosis
Effects of Sitagliptin on Postprandial Glycaemia, Incretin Hormones and Blood Pressure in Type 2 Diabetes - Relationship to Gastric Emptying
Who cites it
536 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,635 citations in OpenAlex.
- New Perspectives in Modulating the Entero-Insular Axis in Pediatric Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- GIP as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Pooled it
- GIP contributes to postprandial regulation of splanchnic blood supply in humans with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- Simultaneous consumption of vegetable salad with bread attenuates postprandial serum glucose elevation in healthy adults: a single-ingestion open-label crossover trial.BMC research notes · 2026Trial
- Long-acting GIPR agonist LY3537021 reduces body weight and fasting blood glucose in patients with T2D: Preclinical development and phase 1 randomized ascending dose studies.Molecular metabolism · 2026Trial
- Pharmacoeconomic analysis (CER) of Dulaglutide and Liraglutide in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Trial
- Effects of GLP-1 and GIP on Islet Function in Glucose-Intolerant, Pancreatic-Insufficient Cystic Fibrosis.Diabetes · 2022Trial
- Acute effects on glucose tolerance by neprilysin inhibition in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Trial
- Effect of Sitagliptin on Islet Function in Pancreatic Insufficient Cystic Fibrosis With Abnormal Glucose Tolerance.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021Trial
- Effects of intragastric administration of L-tryptophan on the glycaemic response to a nutrient drink in men with type 2 diabetes - impacts on gastric emptying, glucoregulatory hormones and glucose absorption.Nutrition & diabetes · 2021Trial
- Is pasireotide-induced diabetes mellitus predictable? A pilot study on the effect of a single dose of pasireotide on glucose homeostasis.Pituitary · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Interactions Between Evogliptin and Glimepiride in Healthy Male Subjects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2020Trial
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Dual Agonist Therapeutics at the Intersection of Alcohol Use Disorder, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Review
- The evolving therapeutic landscape of gut-pancreatic peptide signalling in metabolic disorders: from mono- to multi-agonist therapies.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
- Personalization of incretin therapy: can GLP-1 and GIP receptor polymorphisms influence therapy response?Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Review
- Clinical Potential of GIP in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity.Diabetes care · 2026Review
- GIP in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease: From Physiology to Pharmacology.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Luseogliflozin restores GIP responsiveness in diabetic male mice with preserved β-cell function.Physiological reports · 2026Article
- Do Fasting GLP-1 and GIP Levels Predict the Initial Pharmacological Response to Semaglutide and Tirzepatide?Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
476 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In type-2 diabetes, the overall incretin effect is reduced. The present investigation was designed to compare insulinotropic actions of exogenous incretin hormones (gastric inhibitory peptide [GIP] and glucagon-like peptide 1 [GLP-1] [7-36 amide]) in nine type-2 diabetic patients (fasting plasma glucose 7.8 mmol/liter; hemoglobin A1c 6.3 +/- 0.6%) and in nine age- and weight-matched normal subjects. Synthetic human GIP (0.8 and 2.4 pmol/kg.min over 1 h each), GLP-1 [7-36 amide] (0.4 and 1.2 pmol/kg.min over 1 h each), and placebo were administered under hyperglycemic clamp conditions (8.75 mmol/liter) in separate experiments. Plasma GIP and GLP-1 [7-36 amide] concentrations (radioimmunoassay) were comparable to those after oral glucose with the low, and clearly supraphysiological with the high infusion rates. Both GIP and GLP-1 [7-36 amide] dose-dependently augmented insulin secretion (insulin, C-peptide) in both groups (P < 0.05). With GIP, the maximum effect in type-2 diabetic patients was significantly lower (by 54%; P < 0.05) than in normal subjects. With GLP-1 [7-36 amide] type-2 diabetic patients reached 71% of the increments in C-peptide of normal subjects (difference not significant). Glucagon was lowered during hyperglycemic clamps in normal subjects, but not in type-2 diabetic patients, and further by GLP-1 [7-36 amide] in both groups (P < 0.05), but not by GIP. In conclusion, in mild type-2 diabetes, GLP-1 [7-36 amide], in contrast to GIP, retains much of its insulinotropic activity. It also lowers glucagon concentrations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.