ArticleInfection and immunity1993
Induction of mucosal immunity by intranasal application of a streptococcal surface protein antigen with the cholera toxin B subunit.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 240 citations in OpenAlex.
- A controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses.Infection and immunity · 1999Trial
- Oral and rectal immunization of adult female volunteers with a recombinant attenuated Salmonella typhi vaccine strain.Infection and immunity · 1996Trial
- Comparable immunogenicity from murine blood collection methods in intranasal gonococcal vaccination with ACP and MtrE supports refinement of preclinical vaccine studies.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Intranasal immunization of mice with chimera of Salmonella Typhi protein elicits protective intestinal immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Suitability of Polymyxin B as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Intranasal Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Article
- Oral Immunization of Chickens With RecombinantFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission.Current immunology reviews · 2019Article
- Mast cells partially contribute to mucosal adjuvanticity of surfactin in mice.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2018Article
- Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii phosphoglycerate mutase 2 confers protective immunity against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2016Article
- The Quest for an HIV-1 Vaccine Adjuvant: Bacterial Toxins as New Potential Platforms.Journal of clinical & cellular immunology · 2014Article
- Article
- Identification and characterization of intestinal antigen-presenting cells involved in uptake and processing of a nontoxic recombinant chimeric mucosal immunogen based on cholera toxin using imaging flow cytometry.Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI · 2014Article
- Polymyxins as novel and safe mucosal adjuvants to induce humoral immune responses in mice.PloS one · 2013Article
- Article
- A pilot study on developing mucosal vaccine against alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using recombinant tetraspanin 3: Vaccine efficacy and immunology.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2012Article
- Characterization of antigen-presenting cells induced by intragastric immunization with recombinant chimeric immunogens constructed from Streptococcus mutans AgI/II and type I or type II heat-labile enterotoxins.Molecular oral microbiology · 2011Article
- Article
- Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and survival in a vaccine mouse model of tularemia.PloS one · 2010Article
- Mucosal immunization of mice with recombinant OMP P2 induces antibodies that bind to surface epitopes of multiple strains of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae.Mucosal immunology · 2009Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The level and distribution of isotype-specific antibodies in various secretions and of antibody-secreting cells in corresponding lymphoid organs and tissues were compared in mice immunized with Streptococcus mutans surface protein antigen I/II (AgI/II) conjugated to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), given intranasally (i.n.) or intragastrically (i.g.), with or without free cholera toxin (CT) as an adjuvant. Immunization i.n. induced stronger initial antibody responses to AgI/II in both serum and saliva than immunization i.g., but salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA)-specific antibody responses to immunization about 3 months later were not increased relative to total salivary IgA concentrations. Specific antibodies induced by i.n. immunization were as widely distributed in serum, saliva, tracheal wash, gut wash, and vaginal wash as those induced by i.g. immunization. Likewise, specific antibody-secreting cells were generated in the spleen, salivary glands, intestinal lamina propria, and mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes by either route of immunization. The strongest salivary IgA antibody response was induced by AgI/II-CTB conjugate given i.n., but the addition of CT did not further enhance it. However, free CTB could effectively replace CT as an adjuvant in i.n. immunization with unconjugated AgI/II. Booster i.n. immunization with AgI/II plus either free CT or CTB induced stronger recall serum antibody responses than conjugated AgI/II-CTB with or without CT as an adjuvant. Therefore, i.n. immunization with a protein antigen and free or coupled CTB is an effective means of generating IgA antibody responses expressed at several mucosal sites where protective immunity may be beneficial.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.