ArticleNucleic acids research1993
Intracellular disposition and metabolism of fluorescently-labeled unmodified and modified oligonucleotides microinjected into mammalian cells.
Article in Nucleic acids research, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 241 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Endosomal Escape and Nuclear Localization: Critical Barriers for Therapeutic Nucleic Acids.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Anti-gene oligonucleotide clamps invade dsDNA and downregulateMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2024Article
- Bio-Inspired Polymeric Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery: Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake In Vitro.Polymers · 2024Article
- Promotion of cytoplasmic localization of oligonucleotides by connecting cross-linked duplexes.RSC advances · 2022Article
- Integration of chemically modified nucleotides with DNA strand displacement reactions for applications in living systems.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology · 2022Review
- Signal-on/signal-off bead-based assays for the multiplexed monitoring of base excision repair activities by flow cytometry.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2022Article
- gEL DNA: A Cloning- and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Free Method for CRISPR-Based Multiplexed Genome Editing.The CRISPR journal · 2021Article
- Oligonucleotides Targeting DNA Repeats DownregulateNucleic acid therapeutics · 2021Article
- Kinetics of heterochiral strand displacement from PNA-DNA heteroduplexes.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- Understanding In Vivo Fate of Nucleic Acid and Gene Medicines for the Rational Design of Drugs.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- A critical analysis of methods used to investigate the cellular uptake and subcellular localization of RNA therapeutics.Nucleic acids research · 2020Review
- Highly efficient editing of the β-globin gene in patient-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to treat sickle cell disease.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Evaluation and Reduction of CRISPR Off-Target Cleavage Events.Nucleic acid therapeutics · 2019Article
- Design of thiazole orange oligonucleotide probes for detection of DNA and RNA by fluorescence and duplex melting.Organic & biomolecular chemistry · 2019Article
- Quantitative fluorescence imaging determines the absolute number of locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides needed for suppression of target gene expression.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Suppression of chronic inflammation with engineered nanomaterials delivering nuclear factor κB transcription factor decoy oligodeoxynucleotides.Drug delivery · 2017Review
- Intracellular Distribution and Nuclear Activity of Antisense Oligonucleotides After Unassisted Uptake in Myoblasts and Differentiated Myotubes In Vitro.Nucleic acid therapeutics · 2017Article
- Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The intracellular distribution and metabolism of microinjected fluorescently-labeled oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been evaluated using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Fluorescent phosphodiester ODNs, microinjected into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells, rapidly accumulate within the nucleus; the fluorescence disappears with a half-life of 15-20 minutes. Microinjected fluorescent phosphorothioate ODNs remain in the nucleus for more than 24 hours. The persistence of fluorescence depends on the length of the ODN. Modification of the 3' end of phosphodiester ODNs does not significantly slow the rapid disappearance of fluorescence, although certain 3' modifications localize ODNs into the cytoplasm. Using specially designed ODNs, endonuclease activity is demonstrated to exist in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Modification of the 2' position of the ribose rings of a fluorescent phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide with O-methyl or O-allyl does not alter its intracellular distribution; however, the 2'-O-allyl modification stabilizes the persistence of fluorescence more than 60-fold compared to the 2'-deoxy control. Thus, the experiments indicate that somatic cells contain nucleolytic activities which degrade microinjected ODNs; however, chemical modification can dramatically circumvent this process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.