ArticleInfection and immunity1993
Characterization of macrophage sensitivity and resistance to anthrax lethal toxin.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- How to recognize if a cell dies from pyroptosis?Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases.Molecular aspects of medicine · 2022Review
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- The NLRP1 and CARD8 inflammasomes.Immunological reviews · 2020Review
- Effector-triggered immunity and pathogen sensing in metazoans.Nature microbiology · 2020Review
- ANTXR-1 and -2 independent modulation of a cytotoxicity mediated by anthrax toxin in human cells.The Journal of veterinary medical science · 2016Article
- Soluble Expression and Characterization of Biologically Active Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen in Escherichia coli.Molecular biology international · 2016Article
- Review
- Anthrax lethal factor as an immune target in humans and transgenic mice and the impact of HLA polymorphism on CD4+ T cell immunity.PLoS pathogens · 2014Article
- Direct proteolytic cleavage of NLRP1B is necessary and sufficient for inflammasome activation by anthrax lethal factor.PLoS pathogens · 2013Article
- Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin reduces human alveolar epithelial barrier function.Infection and immunity · 2012Article
- Peptide conjugated phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers increase survival of mice challenged with Ames Bacillus anthracis.Nucleic acid therapeutics · 2012Article
- Anthrax vaccine-induced antibodies provide cross-species prediction of survival to aerosol challenge.Science translational medicine · 2012Article
- Anthrax and the inflammasome.Microbes and infection · 2012Review
- Cellular and physiological effects of anthrax exotoxin and its relevance to disease.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2012Review
- Development of an in vitro potency assay for anti-anthrax lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies.Toxins · 2012Article
- Article
- Multigenic control and sex bias in host susceptibility to spore-induced pulmonary anthrax in mice.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
- AMPD3 is involved in anthrax LeTx-induced macrophage cell death.Protein & cell · 2011Article
- MyD88-dependent signaling protects against anthrax lethal toxin-induced impairment of intestinal barrier function.Infection and immunity · 2011Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, is cytolytic for macrophages. Macrophages from different mouse strains were found to vary in their sensitivities to toxin. C3H mouse macrophages lysed by lethal factor concentrations of 0.001 micrograms/ml were 100,000 times more sensitive than those from resistant A/J mice. We analyzed various stages of the intoxication process to determine the basis for this resistance. Direct binding studies with radioiodinated protective antigen revealed that the affinity (Kd, approximately 0.5 nM) and number of receptors per cell (25,000 to 33,000) were the same in sensitive and resistant cells. Proteolytic activation of protective antigen by a cell surface protease and subsequent binding of lethal factor were also the same in both sensitive and resistant macrophages. Resistant A/J macrophages were not cross-resistant to other toxins and a virus which, like lethal toxin, require vesicular acidification for activity, implying that resistance is not due to a defect in vesicular acidification. When introduced into the cytosol by osmotic lysis of pinosomes, lethal factor in the absence of protective antigen was cytolytic for the sensitive macrophages while resistant cells were unaffected. Thus, lethal factor by itself possesses the toxic activity of lethal toxin. These results suggest that macrophage resistance is due to a defect at a stage occurring after toxin internalization. A/J macrophages may lack the putative lethal factor target in the cytosol or be defective in the further processing or activation of lethal factor in the cytosol or in endocytic vesicles.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.