ArticleThe Journal of experimental medicine1993
In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. III. The kinetics of V region mutation and selection in germinal center B cells.
Article in The Journal of experimental medicine, 1993. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 367 citations in OpenAlex.
- Apoptotic Quality Control of Cellular Competence Limits Cryptic Germinal Center B Cell States.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The liver-secreted protein FGL1 restrains a subset of innate-like B cell responses via the receptor TACI.Immunity · 2026Article
- A temporal map of B cell diversification mechanisms in mice.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Isotype-aware inference of B cell clonal lineage trees from single-cell sequencing data.Cell genomics · 2024Article
- Maturation of germinal center B cells after influenza virus vaccination in humans.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- The lipid globotriaosylceramide promotes germinal center B cell responses and antiviral immunity.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- A multiscale spatial modeling framework for the germinal center response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Role of affinity in plasma cell development in the germinal center light zone.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- TRIBAL: Tree Inference of B cell Clonal Lineages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Improved Humoral Immunity and Protection against Influenza Virus Infection with a 3d Porous Biomaterial Vaccine.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- 'Persistent germinal center responses: slow-growing trees bear the best fruits'.Current opinion in immunology · 2023Review
- Understanding repertoire sequencing data through a multiscale computational model of the germinal center.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2023Article
- Review
- Critical roles of the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in B-cell response and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune arthritis.Immunology · 2021Article
- Follicular dendritic cells restrict interleukin-4 availability in germinal centers and foster memory B cell generation.Immunity · 2021Article
- Generation of High Quality Memory B Cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- System-Level Scenarios for the Elucidation of T Cell-Mediated Germinal Center B Cell Differentiation.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Germinal Center and Extrafollicular B Cell Responses in Vaccination, Immunity, and Autoimmunity.Immunity · 2020Review
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the murine spleen, germinal centers are the anatomic sites for antigen-driven hypermutation and selection of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. To detail the kinetics of Ig mutation and selection, 178 VDJ sequences from 16 antigen-induced germinal centers were analyzed. Although germinal centers appeared by day 4, mutation was not observed in germinal center B cells until day 8 postimmunization; thereafter, point mutations favoring asymmetrical transversions accumulated until day 14. During this period, strong phenotypic selection on the mutant B lymphocytes was inferred from progressively biased distributions of mutations within the Ig variable region, the loss of crippling mutations, decreased relative clonal diversity, and increasingly restricted use of canonical gene segments. The period of most intense selection on germinal center B cell populations preceded significant levels of mutation and may represent a physiologically determined restriction on B cells permitted to enter the memory pathway. Noncanonical Ig genes recovered from germinal centers were mostly unmutated although they probably came from antigen-reactive cells. Together, these observations demonstrate that the germinal center microenvironment is rich and temporally complex but may not be constitutive for somatic hypermutation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.