ArticleThe EMBO journal1994
S region transcription per se promotes basal IgE class switch recombination but additional factors regulate the efficiency of the process.
Article in The EMBO journal, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integration of ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Analysis to Identify Key Genes in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Development of the Tianzhu White Yak.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Roles of G4-DNA and G4-RNA in Class Switch Recombination and Additional Regulations in B-Lymphocytes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Analysis of Chromatin Openness in Testicle Tissue of Yak and Cattle-Yak.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Uncoupling Splicing From Transcription Using Antisense Oligonucleotides Reveals a Dual Role for I Exon Donor Splice Sites in Antibody Class Switching.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Current insights into the mechanism of mammalian immunoglobulin class switch recombination.Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology · 2019Review
- The Interplay between G-quadruplex and Transcription.Current medicinal chemistry · 2019Review
- A transcriptional serenAID: the role of noncoding RNAs in class switch recombination.International immunology · 2017Review
- Physiological Roles of DNA Double-Strand Breaks.Journal of nucleic acids · 2017Review
- Class-Switch Recombination in the Absence of the IgH 3' Regulatory Region.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Article
- Related Mechanisms of Antibody Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination.Microbiology spectrum · 2015Review
- IgH chain class switch recombination: mechanism and regulation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Review
- Regulation of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: choreography of noncoding transcription, targeted DNA deamination, and long-range DNA repair.Advances in immunology · 2014Review
- Regulation of AID, the B-cell genome mutator.Genes & development · 2013Review
- Reprogramming IgH isotype-switched B cells to functional-grade induced pluripotent stem cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2012Article
- Mice lacking Sμ tandem repeats maintain RNA polymerase patterns but exhibit histone modification pattern shifts linked to class switch site locations.Molecular immunology · 2012Article
- Immature B cells preferentially switch to IgE with increased direct Sμ to Sε recombination.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2011Article
- Mismatch-mediated error prone repair at the immunoglobulin genes.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2011Review
- Enhancement of antibody class-switch recombination by the cumulative activity of four separate elements.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2011Article
- R-loop-mediated genomic instability is caused by impairment of replication fork progression.Genes & development · 2011Article
- Expression of IgA class switching gene in tonsillar mononuclear cells in patients with IgA nephropathy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Stimulation of B lymphocytes with a combination of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) induces germline transcription of and subsequent switching to the epsilon heavy chain constant region (C epsilon) gene. Mature germline C epsilon transcripts contain a non-coding exon (I epsilon exon) spliced to the C epsilon exons. To distinguish between the potential roles of germline transcription and those of germline transcripts in regulating the class switch process, we replaced the LPS- and IL-4-inducible I epsilon promoter and exon in ES cells with an LPS-inducible E mu enhancer/VH promoter expression cassette. Wildtype, heterozygous or homozygous mutant ES cells were injected into RAG-2 deficient blastocysts to generate somatic chimeras in which all B cells derived from ES cells. In contrast to normal B cells, heterozygous and homozygous mutant B cells had substantial transcription through the epsilon switch recombination region (S epsilon) following treatment with LPS alone and, under these conditions, both underwent low level switching (10- to 100-fold less than wildtype cells stimulated with LPS + IL-4) to IgE production. Heterozygous mutant cells underwent switching to IgE at essentially wildtype levels when stimulated with LPS and IL-4. However, homozygous mutant cells still showed extremely low levels of switching to IgE upon LPS and IL-4 stimulation. Analyses of hybridomas from heterozygous mutants indicated that the mutation is cis-acting and normal switching to other isotypes indicated that it is specific for IgE. Thus transcription per se generates low levels of class switch recombination in the absence of I region sequences. However, we demonstrate for the first time that, for optimal efficiency, the process requires the presence of the intact I region and/or I region promoter in cis, implicating factors beyond transcription through the S region in the regulation of class switching.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.