ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1994
Tat-mediated delivery of heterologous proteins into cells.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 334 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
334 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 1,219 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Overview of Type II and III Toxin-Antitoxin Systems with a Focus on Druggability.Toxins · 2018Pooled it
- Lytic EBV infection investigated by detection of Soluble Epstein-Barr virus ZEBRA in the serum of patients with PTLD.Scientific reports · 2017Trial
- Structural insights into ligand-induced CARD assembly in inflammatory caspases.Research square · 2026Article
- Protein Modifications for Cellular Protein Delivery.Chemical reviews · 2026Review
- Intracellular Delivery of Peptides and Proteins with an Engineered Membrane Translocation Domain.ACS chemical biology · 2026Article
- Intracellular Delivery of Peptides and Proteins with an Engineered Membrane Translocation Domain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Stromal senescence contributes to age-related increases in cancer.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- The Critical Role of HMGB1Cys106 in Regulating Sex-Specific p53 Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- HIV Protein TAT Dysregulates Multiple Pathways in Human iPSCs-Derived Microglia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Advances in Cytosolic Delivery of Proteins: Approaches, Challenges, and Emerging Technologies.Chemistry & biodiversity · 2025Review
- Article
- Topical Ocular Drug Delivery: The Impact of Permeation Enhancers.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Applications of cell penetrating peptide-based drug delivery system in immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A new tau dephosphorylation-targeting chimera for the treatment of tauopathies.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Bismuth-Cyclized Cell-Penetrating Peptides.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Molecular Imaging of p53 in Mouse Models of Cancer Using a Radiolabeled Antibody TAT Conjugate with SPECT.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2024Article
- Beyond Transduction: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cell Penetrating Peptides.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Mediated Biomolecule Transportation in Artificial Lipid Vesicles and Living Cells.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- An estrogen receptor α-derived peptide improves glucose homeostasis during obesity.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Pathological high intraocular pressure induces glial cell reactive proliferation contributing to neuroinflammation of the blood-retinal barrier via the NOX2/ET-1 axis-controlled ERK1/2 pathway.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Article
274 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) can enter cells efficiently when added exogenously in tissue culture. To assess if Tat can carry other molecules into cells, we chemically cross-linked Tat peptides (residues 1-72 or 37-72) to beta-galactosidase, horseradish peroxidase, RNase A, and domain III of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) and monitored uptake colorimetrically or by cytotoxicity. The Tat chimeras were effective on all cell types tested, with staining showing uptake into all cells in each experiment. In mice, treatment with Tat-beta-galactosidase chimeras resulted in delivery to several tissues, with high levels in heart, liver, and spleen, low-to-moderate levels in lung and skeletal muscle, and little or no activity in kidney and brain. The primary target within these tissues was the cells surrounding the blood vessels, suggesting endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and/or splenic macrophages. Tat-mediated uptake may allow the therapeutic delivery of macromolecules previously thought to be impermeable to living cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.