ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)1994
Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype?
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 694 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is low birth weight associated with lower adiponectin levels? - A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Birth Weight and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of 7 646 267 Participants From 135 Studies.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Pooled it
- The chromosome 3q25 genomic region is associated with measures of adiposity in newborns in a multi-ethnic genome-wide association study.Human molecular genetics · 2013Pooled it
- Parental Characteristics Associated With Outcomes in Youth With Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the TODAY Clinical Trial.Diabetes care · 2015 · on this mapTrial
- Cord Blood DNA Methylation and Large-for-Gestational-Age Birth: A Pilot Epigenome-Wide Study in the GROW Cohort.Epigenomes · 2026Article
- Birthweight and cardiometabolic risk factors in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- The human placenta and its role in reproductive outcomes revisited.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
- Non-linear association of low birthweight with risk factors including women's BMI: evidence from an international comparison.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Evolving Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in East Asia.Endocrinology and metabolism (Seoul, Korea) · 2025Review
- Infant Body Composition in an Asian Pacific Islander Population.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Birthweight is associated with clinical characteristics in people with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Community health workers as change agents in improving equity in birth outcomes in Detroit.PloS one · 2023Article
- Association between birth weight, preterm birth, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a community-based cohort.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2022Article
- Dose birthweight matter to quality of life? A comparison between Japan, the U.S., and India.Health economics review · 2022Article
- The epidemiology, clinical, biochemical, immunological and radiological features of youth onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in the state of Qatar.Diabetology international · 2022Article
- Article
- Mendelian randomization study of maternal influences on birthweight and future cardiometabolic risk in the HUNT cohort.Nature communications · 2020Article
- Physiological and pathological regulation of autophagy in pregnancy.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2020Review
- Adult-Onset Diseases in Low Birth Weight Infants: Association with Adipose Tissue Maldevelopment.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2020Review
- The diabesity epidemic in the light of evolution: insights from the capacity-load model.Diabetologia · 2019Review
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the prevalence of diabetes in relation to birth weight in Pima Indians.
designFollow up study of infants born during 1940-72 who had undergone a glucose tolerance test at ages 20-39 years.
settingGila River Indian community, Arizona. SUBJECTS: 1179 American Indians.
main outcome measurePrevalence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (plasma glucose concentration > or = 11.1 mmol/l two hours after ingestion of carbohydrate).
resultsThe prevalence was greatest in those with the lowest and highest birth weights. The age adjusted prevalences for birth weights < 2500 g, 2500-4499 g, and > or = 4500 g were 30%, 17%, and 32%, respectively. When age, sex, body mass index, maternal diabetes during pregnancy, and birth year were controlled for, subjects with birth weights < 2500 g had a higher rate than those with weights 2500-4499 g (odds ratio 3.81; 95% confidence interval 1.70 to 8.52). The risk for subsequent diabetes among higher birthweight infants (> or = 4500 g) was associated with maternal diabetes during pregnancy. Most diabetes, however, occurred in subjects with intermediate birth weights (2500-4500 g).
conclusionsThe relation of the prevalence of diabetes to birth weight in the Pima Indians is U shaped and is related to parental diabetes. Low birth weight is associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Given the high mortality of low birthweight infants selective survival in infancy of those genetically predisposed to insulin resistance and diabetes provides an explanation for the observed relation between low birth weight and diabetes and the high prevalence of diabetes in many populations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.