ArticleInfection and immunity1994
Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoite-specific antigens: a possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers.
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Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 311 citations in OpenAlex.
- Translational control of Toxoplasma gondii differentiation.Bioscience reports · 2026Review
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- Bradyzoite subtypes rule the crossroads of Toxoplasma development.Nature communications · 2026Article
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- Constitutive upregulation of transcription factors underlies permissive bradyzoite differentiation in a natural isolate ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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- Molecular Mechanisms of Persistence in Protozoan Parasites.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Factors Influencing Tissue Cyst Yield in a Murine Model of Chronic Toxoplasmosis.Infection and immunity · 2023Article
- ROP16-mediated activation of STAT6 enhances cyst development of type III Toxoplasma gondii in neurons.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Advances towards the completeFaculty reviews · 2023Review
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- The protein phosphatase 2A holoenzyme is a key regulator of starch metabolism and bradyzoite differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Restriction Checkpoint Controls Bradyzoite Development in Toxoplasma gondii.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Differential contribution of two organelles of endosymbiotic origin to iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and overall fitness in Toxoplasma.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Secreted Effectors Modulating Immune Responses toLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Stage conversion between tachyzoites and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii was investigated in vitro by using murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) as host cells. Following infection of untreated BMMs with tachyzoites, spontaneous expression of bradyzoite-specific antigens (Bsa) occurred at low frequency with Toxoplasma strain-dependent ratios from 0.03 to 2%. As previously described for peritoneal macrophages, activation of tachyzoite-infected BMMs with gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) or lipopolysaccharide resulted in the induction of Bsa. When bradyzoites were used for infection, prolonged expression of Bsa could be observed in IFN-gamma-activated BMMs. The induction of Bsa expression seemed to be closely linked to parasite multiplication and increased to maximal values of 50 to 70% in intermediately activated macrophages with nitric oxide (NO) levels that allowed reduced parasite replication. Identical results in stage conversion were obtained when sodium nitroprusside was used as a source of exogenous NO, indicating that NO might be a molecular trigger of stage conversion. NO is reactive with iron-sulfur centers in proteins, thereby inhibiting proteins involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Using oligomycin and antimycin A as inhibitors of mitochondrial function, growth inhibition of parasites and induction of Bsa were obtained. Since microglia are the functional correlates of macrophages in the central nervous system and inhibit T. gondii upon activation with IFN-gamma, a similar mechanism might be involved during cyst development in the brain.
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