ReviewMicrobiological reviews1994
The DNA of ciliated protozoa.
Review in Microbiological reviews, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 309 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
309 citing papers in PubMed, 660 citations in OpenAlex.
- The shared evolutionary capacities of plasmids and extrachromosomal DNA.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- The mechanistic and evolutionary diversity of programmed DNA elimination.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2026Review
- Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses of ciliated protists with a revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata).Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Dual roles of two Tfdps in germline nuclear meiosis and somatic nuclear fragmentation during sexual reproduction in the unicellular organismMarine life science & technology · 2026Article
- The tiny germline chromosomes of Paramecium aurelia have an exceptionally high recombination rate and are capped by a new class of Helitrons.BMC biology · 2026Article
- A developmental condensin I complex assists the Paramecium PiggyMac domesticated transposase during programmed DNA elimination.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Rapid Adaptation to Road Salts in a Freshwater Microbial Eukaryote.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- A PIWI protein-dependent DNA N6-adenine methylation pathway inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Soma-derived 30-nt small RNAs are coupled with chromosome breakage and precisely target nontransposon DNA against elimination inScience advances · 2025Article
- Generalizing the central dogma as a cross-hierarchical principle of biology.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Review
- De Novo Genome Sequence Assembly of the RNAi-Tractable Paramecium bursaria 186b: An Endosymbiotic Model System.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Fidelity, specialization, and evolution of Paramecium PolX DNA polymerases involved in programmed double-strand break DNA repair.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Evolutionary origin of the frameshift sites in the ribosomal frameshifting genes of Euplotes.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Relaxed DNA substrate specificity of transposases involved in programmed genome rearrangement.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Genome content reorganization in the non-model ciliatemSphere · 2025Article
- Codepoietic Generation of Meaningful Information in the Evolving Biosphere.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The linker region of a development-specific DNA polymerase X ensures efficient repair of programmed DNA double-strand breaks in Parameciumtetraurelia.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Parasite sedimentary DNA reveals fish introduction into a European high-mountain lake by the seventh century.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The Role of Membrane-Bound Extracellular Vesicles During Co-Stimulation and Conjugation in the CiliateMicroorganisms · 2025Article
249 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Ciliates contain two types of nuclei: a micronucleus and a macronucleus. The micronucleus serves as the germ line nucleus but does not express its genes. The macronucleus provides the nuclear RNA for vegetative growth. Mating cells exchange haploid micronuclei, and a new macronucleus develops from a new diploid micronucleus. The old macronucleus is destroyed. This conversion consists of amplification, elimination, fragmentation, and splicing of DNA sequences on a massive scale. Fragmentation produces subchromosomal molecules in Tetrahymena and Paramecium cells and much smaller, gene-sized molecules in hypotrichous ciliates to which telomere sequences are added. These molecules are then amplified, some to higher copy numbers than others. rDNA is differentially amplified to thousands of copies per macronucleus. Eliminated sequences include transposonlike elements and sequences called internal eliminated sequences that interrupt gene coding regions in the micronuclear genome. Some, perhaps all, of these are excised as circular molecules and destroyed. In at least some hypotrichs, segments of some micronuclear genes are scrambled in a nonfunctional order and are recorded during macronuclear development. Vegetatively growing ciliates appear to possess a mechanism for adjusting copy numbers of individual genes, which corrects gene imbalances resulting from random distribution of DNA molecules during amitosis of the macronucleus. Other distinctive features of ciliate DNA include an altered use of the conventional stop codons.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.