ArticleInfection and immunity1994
Similar cytokine induction profiles of a novel streptococcal exotoxin, MF, and pyrogenic exotoxins A and B.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- SpeS: A Novel Superantigen and Its Potential as a Vaccine Adjuvant against Strangles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Examining pathogenic concepts of autoimmune hepatitis for cues to future investigations and interventions.World journal of gastroenterology · 2019Review
- Article
- Identification of three novel superantigen-encoding genes in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, szeF, szeN, and szeP.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Contribution of each of four Superantigens to Streptococcus equi-induced mitogenicity, gamma interferon synthesis, and immunity.Infection and immunity · 2010Article
- Lipopolysaccharide triggers invasive streptococcal disease in mice through a tumour necrosis factor-alpha-dependent mechanism.Immunology · 2002Article
- Pathogenesis of group A streptococcal infections.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2000Review
- Risk factors in the pathogenesis of invasive group A streptococcal infections: role of protective humoral immunity.Infection and immunity · 1999Article
- Lactobacilli and streptococci induce interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, and gamma interferon production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.Infection and immunity · 1998Article
- Mutational analysis of superantigen activity responsible for the induction of skin erythema by streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C.Infection and immunity · 1998Article
- Opsonic antibodies to the surface M protein of group A streptococci in pooled normal immunoglobulins (IVIG): potential impact on the clinical efficacy of IVIG therapy for severe invasive group A streptococcal infections.Infection and immunity · 1998Article
- Streptokinase as a mediator of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis in an experimental mouse model.Infection and immunity · 1998Article
- Differential induction of Th1 versus Th2 cytokines by group A streptococcal toxic shock syndrome isolates.Infection and immunity · 1997Article
- Streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z, a novel acidic superantigenic toxin produced by a T1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes.Infection and immunity · 1997Article
- Analysis of toxicity of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A mutants.Infection and immunity · 1997Article
- The role of nitric oxide in experimental murine sepsis due to pyrogenic exotoxin A-producing Streptococcus pyogenes.Infection and immunity · 1997Article
- Bacterial modulins: a novel class of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology by inducing cytokine synthesis.Microbiological reviews · 1996Review
- Human pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns induced by Streptococcus pyogenes erythrogenic (pyrogenic) exotoxin A and C superantigens.Infection and immunity · 1996Article
- Sequential production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in response to live bacillus Calmette-Guérin.Immunology · 1995Article
- Bacterial pyrogenic exotoxins as superantigens.Clinical microbiology reviews · 1995Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cytokine production induced by a newly discovered streptococcal exotoxin, MF, and the pyrogenic exotoxins SpeA and SpeB was determined by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy blood donors. The induction and kinetics of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), TNF-beta, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were studied at the single-cell level by use of cytokine-specific monoclonal antibodies and intracellular immunofluorescent juxtanuclear staining. The cytokine-producing cells, with the exception of IL-1-expressing cells, had a characteristic morphology generated by the accumulation of cytokines in the Golgi organelle. MF, SpeA, and SpeB induced a massive gamma interferon and TNF-beta response in 10 to 16% of the PBMCs after 48 to 96 h of cell stimulation. In contrast, IL-2 and TNF-alpha production was detected in only 1 to 3% of the PBMCs. The induction of a lymphocyte TH2 phenotype response, including production of IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, was weak. However, the monokines, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-8, were consistently found and gradually produced, peaking at 24 h in approximately 5 to 8% of the PBMCs. MF showed extensive cytokine- and proliferation-inducing capacities equal to those of SpeA and SpeB, which suggests that MF is also a superantigen. A marked interindividual variation could be noted both in the proliferative response and in the cytokine induction of lymphocytes isolated from different individuals, which may be one explanation for the varying clinical severity noticed during group A streptococcal infections.
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