ArticleJournal of virology1994
Differential Th1 and Th2 cell responses in male and female BALB/c mice infected with coxsackievirus group B type 3.
Article in Journal of virology, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 107 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 248 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling Cardiovascular Risks and Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Pooled it
- Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 and its vaccines - a systematic review.Progress in cardiovascular diseasesPooled it
- "Bridging the clinical, molecular and genetic perspectives on myocarditis in post-COVID-19 era".International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2026Review
- Global lifetime risk of developing myocarditis, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Article
- A comparative review of myocarditis in pediatrics versus adults: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of myocarditis and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: updated systematic analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Sex and Age Characteristics in Acute or Chronic Myocarditis A Descriptive, Multicenter Cohort Study.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Myocarditis in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2019: Updated Systematic Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Coxsackievirus B3 elicits a sex-specific CD8+ T cell response which protects female mice.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccines adverse events: potential molecular mechanisms.Immunologic research · 2023Review
- Vaccination-Associated Myocarditis and Myocardial Injury.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Review
- Multidisciplinary diagnostic approach for fulminant myocarditis related to coronavirus disease 2019 messenger RNA vaccines: a case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2023Article
- A viral-specific CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Evaluation of febrile seizures in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in Yunnan, China: a multi-center, retrospective observational study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2023Article
- Effects of Biological Sex and Pregnancy on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Vaccine Outcomes.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2023Article
- Disease parameters following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection are similar in male and female BALB/C mice.PloS one · 2023Article
- Sex and gender differences in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: An update.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Male and female BALB/c mice differ dramatically in susceptibility to myocarditis subsequent to coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. CVB3 infection of male mice results in substantial inflammatory cell infiltration of the myocardium, and virus-immune lymphocytes from these animals give predominantly a Th1 cell phenotypic response, as determined by predominant immunoglobulin G2a isotypic antibody production and elevated numbers of gamma interferon and interleukin-2 (IL-2)-producing CD4+ T lymphocytes. Females infected with the same virus give predominantly a Th2 cell phenotypic response, as determined by preferential immunoglobulin G1 antibody isotypic responses and increased precursor frequencies of IL-4- and IL-5-producing CD4+ T cells. Treatment of females with testosterone or males with estradiol prior to infection alters subsequent Th subset differentiation, suggesting that the sex-associated hormones have either a direct or indirect effect on CD4+ lymphocyte responses in this model. Treatment of females with 0.1 mg of monoclonal antibody to IL-4 reduces precursor frequencies of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells and increases frequencies of gamma interferon-producing cells. This treatment also enhances myocardial inflammation, indicating a correlation between Th1-like cell responses and pathogenicity in CVB3 infection. The Th2-like cell may regulate Th1 cell activation. Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes from CVB3-infected female mice into male animals suppresses the development of myocarditis in the recipients. Treatment of the female donors with monoclonal antibodies to either CD3, CD4, or IL-4 molecules abrogates suppression.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.