ArticleAmerican journal of public health1994
Low birthweight at term and the timing of fetal exposure to maternal smoking.
Article in American journal of public health, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Chemical Components in the Breast Milk of Passive Smoker Women: A Systematic Review and Health Risks Assessment.Biological trace element research · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-Analysis on Associations of Timing of Maternal Smoking Cessation Before and During Pregnancy With Childhood Overweight and Obesity.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Pooled it
- Association between maternal smoking and child bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Randomized, controlled pilot trial of bupropion for pregnant smokers: challenges and future directions.American journal of perinatology · 2015Trial
- Impact of smoking exposure change on infant birth weight among a cohort of women in a prenatal smoking cessation study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013Trial
- Smoking ban and small-for-gestational age births in Ireland.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Impact of reduced maternal exposures to wood smoke from an introduced chimney stove on newborn birth weight in rural Guatemala.Environmental health perspectives · 2011Trial
- Effects of voucher-based incentives on abstinence from cigarette smoking and fetal growth among pregnant women.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2008Trial
- Potentially toxic metals in umbilical cord blood as a biomarker for passive smoker women.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- The effect of possible mediators on the association between chewing khat during pregnancy and fetal growth and newborn size at birth in Eastern Ethiopia.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Article
- Investigating associations between maternal stress, smoking and adverse birth outcomes: evidence from the All Our Families cohort.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Fetal Growth Restriction in Hypertensive vs. Heavy Smoking Women-Placental Pathology, Ultrasound Findings, and Pregnancy Outcomes.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2021Article
- Electronic cigarettes may not be a "safer alternative" of conventional cigarettes during pregnancy: evidence from the nationally representative PRAMS data.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Article
- Maternal tobacco use: A third-trimester risk factor for small-for-gestational-age pregnancy outcome.Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- Comparative study of clinical methods versus ultrasound methods for accurate gestational age determination in different trimesters of pregnancy, Ndop District Hospital, North West region, Cameroon.The Pan African medical journal · 2020Observational
- Impact of an incentive-based prenatal smoking cessation program for low-income women in Colorado.Public health nursing (Boston, Mass.) · 2020Observational
- Establishment of a Novel Fetal Growth Restriction Model and Development of a Stem-Cell Therapy Using Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2020Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study was undertaken to evaluate the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth for women who stop smoking or begin to smoke during pregnancy.
methodsWomen with term singleton pregnancies from a hospital-based cohort of 11,177 were classified as (1) nonsmokers; (2) smoked throughout pregnancy; (3) smoked during first trimester only; (4) smoked during first and second trimesters only; and (5) smoked during second and third trimesters or during third trimester only. Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth according to smoking category was estimated and adjusted for confounding factors by logistic regression.
resultsWomen who stopped smoking by the third trimester were not at increased risk of small-for-gestational-age birth compared with nonsmokers. Women who began smoking during the second or third trimester had an elevated risk of small-for-gestational-age birth (odds ratio [OR] = 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25, 2.67) similar to that for women who smoked throughout pregnancy (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.90, 2.54). Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth increased with the number of cigarettes smoked during the third trimester.
conclusionsIt is during the third trimester that smoking retards fetal growth, presenting a compelling opportunity for smoking cessation interventions. Programs must emphasize the importance of not resuming smoking late in pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.