ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)1994
Effects of cross-training. Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running and swimming.
Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of high-intensity interval cross training and classical training on physical and sprint performance in male junior sprinters.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Physiological Response Differences between Run and Cycle High Intensity Interval Training Program in Recreational Middle Age Female Runners.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2020Trial
- Aerobic Exercise Training and Inducible Inflammation: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy, Young Adults.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2018Trial
- Does Resistance Training Provide Benefits that Are Comparable to Aerobic Exercise in Hypertension?Current hypertension reports · 2026Review
- Swimming is superior to running in inducing physiological cardiac hypertrophy and enhancing myocardial performance.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cross-training between running and cycling: effects on VOFrontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Cross-training between running and cycling: practitioner perspectives on transferability and exercise substitution.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Modeling Pe2rformance in IRONMANSports medicine - open · 2025Article
- Anthropometric but not motor characteristics of young volleyball players were improved after a one-week-long intense training sports camp.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Oxygen uptake during the last bouts of exercise incorporated into high-intensity intermittent cross-exercise exceeds theSports medicine and health science · 2024Article
- How Do Master Weightlifters Train? A Transnational Study of Weightlifting Training Practices and Concurrent Training.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Training and Competition Readiness in Triathlon.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Substrate Metabolism During Ironman Triathlon: Different Horses on the Same Courses.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2018Article
- Sprint interval training on the vertical treadmill improves aerobic and anaerobic running performance.Journal of exercise rehabilitation · 2018Article
- Sprint cycling training improves intermittent run performance.Asia-Pacific journal of sports medicine, arthroscopy, rehabilitation and technology · 2018Article
- Effects of Cycling Versus Running Training on Sprint and Endurance Capacity in Inline Speed Skating.Journal of sports science & medicine · 2016Article
- Effects of 16-week high-intensity interval training using upper and lower body ergometers on aerobic fitness and morphological changes in healthy men: a preliminary study.Open access journal of sports medicine · 2014Article
- The road to gold: training and peaking characteristics in the year prior to a gold medal endurance performance.PloS one · 2014Article
- Training transfer: scientific background and insights for practical application.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cross-training is a widely used approach for structuring a training programme to improve competitive performance in a specific sport by training in a variety of sports. Despite numerous anecdotal reports claiming benefits for cross-training, very few scientific studies have investigated this particular type of training. It appears that some transfer of training effects on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) exists from one mode to another. The nonspecific training effects seem to be more noticeable when running is performed as a cross-training mode. Swim training, however, may result in minimum transfer of training effects on VO2max. Cross-training effects never exceed those induced by the sport-specific training mode. The principles of specificity of training tend to have greater significance, especially for highly trained athletes. For the general population, cross-training may be highly beneficial in terms of overall fitness. Similarly, cross-training may be an appropriate supplement during rehabilitation periods from physical injury and during periods of overtraining or psychological fatigue.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.