ReviewBulletin of the World Health Organization1994
Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status.
Review in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2007Trial
- Failure of short-course ceftriaxone chemotherapy for multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in children: a randomized controlled trial in Pakistan.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2000Trial
- Current Status and Challenges of Vaccine Development for Seasonal Human Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Comprehensive Overview of Antibacterial Drugs and Natural Antibacterial Compounds Found in Food Plants.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- From ancient remedies to modern miracles: tracing the evolution of vaccines and their impact on public health.3 Biotech · 2024Review
- Review
- Role of cellular effectors in the induction and maintenance of IgA responses leading to protective immunity against enteric bacterial pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The stability analysis of a nonlinear mathematical model for typhoid fever disease.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Review
- Comparison of anti-Vi IgG responses between two clinical studies of typhoid Vi conjugate vaccines (Vi-DT vs Vi-TT).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Prophylactic potential of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) subunit of typhoid toxin against Typhoid fever.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- A Biohistorical Perspective of Typhoid and Antimicrobial Resistance.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Crosstalk between leukocytes triggers differential immune responses against Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Article
- Overview of the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Pipeline: Current Status and Future Plans.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Enteric Fever and Related Contextual Factors in Bangladesh.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Article
- Overview of the impact of Typhoid and Paratyphoid fever. Utility of Ty21a vaccine (Vivotif®).Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · 2017Review
- Barriers to typhoid fever vaccine access in endemic countries.Research and reports in tropical medicine · 2017Review
- O-Serotype Conversion inFrontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Review
- East London experience with enteric fever 2007-2012.PloS one · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains an underestimated important health problem in many developing countries, causing more than 600,000 deaths annually in the world. Because of the reactogenicity of the parenteral, killed whole-cell vaccine, research has been oriented towards vaccination orally using live organisms and purified antigen. Live vaccine Ty21a, given by the oral route, has been extensively tested in several studies in developing countries. Its liquid formulation was the most effective, providing more than 60% protection after 7 years of follow-up. A Vi polysaccharide vaccine has been elaborated and provided more than 65% protection; after 3 years of follow-up the Vi antibody level was still at a high level. These two vaccines are therefore candidates for use in public health control programmes. Before such use, however, they need further evaluation for safety and protective efficacy when administered to the EPI-targeted age groups. The question of whether typhoid fever vaccines interfere with the response to simultaneously administered measles vaccine must also be studied. New live vaccines, given by the oral route in one dose, have been constructed through genetic engineering. The first results are promising, but they must be improved before use in a large-scale study. These strains could be used as live vector to deliver foreign antigens to the intestinal mucosa.
Indexed as
Identifiers
7867143PMC2486740What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.