ReviewInternational archives of occupational and environmental health1994
Respiratory and other hazards of isocyanates.
Review in International archives of occupational and environmental health, 1994. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 210 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Isocyanate Exposure and Occupational Asthma Still a Major Occupational Health Concern? Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Occupational asthma following single exposure to polyurethane foam containing methylene diphenyl diisocyanate - A case report.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Gel-Based Approaches to Vegan Leather: Opportunities and Challenges in Mimicking Leather Properties.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Bio-Microcapsules of Polybutylene Succinate (PBS) and Isocyanates: Towards Sustainable, Safer, and Efficient Adhesives.Polymers · 2025Article
- Review
- Cellulose carbamatesRSC advances · 2024Article
- Club Cells-A Guardian against Occupational Hazards.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Lignin as a Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Featherlight, Mechanically Robust Cellulose Ester Aerogels for Environmental Remediation.ACS omega · 2017Article
- Analysis of the interrelationship of the pulmonary irritation and elicitation thresholds in rats sensitized with 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).Inhalation toxicology · 2015Article
- Is specific IgE antibody analysis feasible for the diagnosis of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma?International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2013Article
- Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) airway effects and dose-responses in different animal models.EXCLI journal · 2012Review
- Toluene diisocyanate reactivity with glutathione across a vapor/liquid interface and subsequent transcarbamoylation of human albumin.Chemical research in toxicology · 2011Article
- Elimination kinetics of diisocyanates after specific inhalative challenges in humans: mass spectrometry analysis, as a basis for biomonitoring strategies.Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England) · 2011Article
- Modeling of hexamethylene diisocyanate and psychrometric parameters and other effective factors in the polyurethane factories.Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2010Article
- Indoor air pollution evaluation with emphasize on HDI and biological assessment of HDA in the polyurethane factories.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2010Article
- Evaluation of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate as an indoor air pollutant and biological assessment of methylene dianiline in the polyurethane factories.Indian journal of occupational and environmental medicine · 2009Article
- Influence of genetic factors on toluene diisocyanate-related symptoms: evidence from a cross-sectional study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2008Article
- Influence of polymorphic metabolic enzymes on biotransformation and effects of diphenylmethane diisocyanate.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2008Article
- Skin exposure to isocyanates: reasons for concern.Environmental health perspectives · 2007Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Isocyanates are increasingly being used for manufacturing polyurethane foam, elastomers, adhesives, paints, coatings, insecticides, and many other products. At present, they are regarded as one of the main causes of occupational asthma. The large number of workers who are exposed to these chemicals have a concentration-dependent risk of developing chronic airway disorders, especially bronchial asthma. Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization and irritative effects have been clearly demonstrated in both exposed subjects and animals. Presumably, neural inflammation due to neuropeptide release of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves is crucial. We collected data on 1780 isocyanate workers who had been examined by our groups. Of them 1095 (including subjects from outpatient departments) had work-related symptoms, predominantly of the respiratory tract. Specific IgE antibodies were found in 14% of the 1095 subjects. The methacholine challenge test was shown to be an inadequate predictor of the results of inhalative isocyanate provocation tests in workers and in asthmatic controls. Isocyanate (toluene diisocyanate TDI) air concentrations of 10 ppb (0.07 mg/m3) and 20 ppb (0.14 mg/m3), respectively, did not cause significant bronchial obstruction in the majority of previously unexposed asthmatics with bronchial hyperreactivity. IgG-mediated allergic alveolitis, a rare disease among isocyanate workers, was found in approximately 1% of the symptomatic subjects. Experimental studies exhibit dose-dependent toxic effects and give evidence for tachykinin-mediated bronchial hyperreactivity after exposure to isocyanates. The clinical role of genotoxic effects of isocyanates and their by-products demonstrated here in vitro and in vivo has yet to be clarified.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.