Evidence map›Paper›PMID 7777494›Full record

ReviewProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1995

The causes and prevention of cancer.

B N Ames, L S Gold, W C Willett

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 229 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
229citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
26.4field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

229 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,317 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2008
    Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue is associated with high-grade prostate cancer in the placebo arm of the prostate cancer prevention trial.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2014
    Trial
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  9. Article
  10. Review
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169 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

B N AmesDivision of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
L S Gold
W C Willett
Harvard University · USLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory · US

Funding

VIROLOGY AND CHRONIC INFECTIONP30ES001896 · NIEHS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI SMITH, MARTYN T · 1985 to 2003
$4.7M
MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESISR35CA039910 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI AMES, BRUCE N · 1985 to 1998
–
NCI NIH HHS CA39910NIEHS NIH HHS ES01896
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Epidemiological evidence indicates that avoidance of smoking, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and control of infections will have a major effect on reducing rates of cancer. Other factors include avoidance of intense sun exposure, increases in physical activity, and reduction of alcohol consumption and possibly red meat. A substantial reduction in breast cancer is likely to require modification of sex hormone levels, and development of practical methods for doing so is a high research priority. Resolution of the potential protective roles of specific antioxidants and other constituents of fruits and vegetables deserves major attention. Mechanistic studies of carcinogenesis indicate an important role of endogenous oxidative damage to DNA that is balanced by elaborate defense and repair processes. Also key is the rate of cell division, which is influenced by hormones, growth, cytotoxicity, and inflammation, as this determines the probability of converting DNA lesions to mutations. These mechanisms may underlie many epidemiologic observations.

Indexed as

AnimalsHumansNeoplasmsRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID7777494
PMCPMC41674
OpenAlexW2023518603

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.