ArticleInfection and immunity1995
Detection of muramic acid in a carbohydrate fraction of human spleen.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Strategies for Using Muramyl Peptides - Modulators of Innate Immunity of Bacterial Origin - in Medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Structural studies on molecular interactions between camel peptidoglycan recognition protein, CPGRP-S, and peptidoglycan moieties N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2012Article
- Differential function of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) members Nod1 and Nod2 in arthritis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2008Article
- Analysis of bacterial DNA in synovial tissue of Tunisian patients with reactive and undifferentiated arthritis by broad-range PCR, cloning and sequencing.Arthritis research & therapy · 2008Article
- Muramic acid is not generally present in the human spleen as determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Infection and immunity · 2002Article
- Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that binds to an epitope on soluble bacterial peptidoglycan fragments.Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology · 2001Article
- Reduced systemic IgG levels against peptidoglycan in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2001Article
- Failure To detect muramic acid in normal rat tissues but detection in cerebrospinal fluids from patients with Pneumococcal meningitis.Infection and immunity · 2000Article
- Absolute identification of muramic acid, at trace levels, in human septic synovial fluids in vivo and absence in aseptic fluids.Infection and immunity · 1996Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In previous studies, we showed that peptidoglycan polysaccharides from anaerobic bacteria normally present in the human gut induced severe chronic joint inflammation in rats. Our hypothesis is that peptidoglycan from the gut flora is involved in perpetuation of idiopathic inflammation. However, in the literature, the presence of peptidoglycan or subunits like muramyl peptides in blood or tissues is still a matter of debate. We were able to stain red pulp macrophages in all six available human spleens by immunohistochemical techniques using a monoclonal antibody against gut flora-derived antigens. Therefore, these human spleens were extracted, and after removal of most of the protein, the carbohydrate fraction was investigated for the presence of muramic acid, an amino sugar characteristic for peptidoglycan. Using three different methods for detection of muramic acid, we found a mean of 3.3 mumol of muramic acid with high-pressure liquid chromatography, 1.9 mumol with a colorimetric method for detection of lactate, and 0.8 mumol with an enzymatic method for detection of D-lactate per spleen (D-lactate is a specific group of the muramic acid molecule). It is concluded that peptidoglycan is present in human spleen not as small muramyl peptides as were previously searched for by other investigators but as larger macromolecules probably stored in spleen macrophages.
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Registered trials
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