ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1995
The consensus sequence of a major Alu subfamily contains a functional retinoic acid response element.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alus harbor genetic variants that shape the human cortex.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Massively parallel assessment of gene regulatory activity at human cortical-structure-associated variants.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- Thiocyanate Reduces Motor Impairment in the hMPO-A53T PD Mouse Model While Reducing MPO-Oxidation of Alpha Synuclein in Enlarged LYVE1/AQP4 Positive Periventricular Glymphatic Vessels.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The Role of Transposable Elements of the Human Genome in Neuronal Function and Pathology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Intestinal Redox System and Its Significance in Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Review
- Alu element in the RNA binding motif protein, X-linked 2 (RBMX2) gene found to be linked to bipolar disorder.PloS one · 2021Article
- Human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) is expressed in neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and in the hMPO-α-synuclein-A53T mouse model, correlating with increased nitration and aggregation of α-synuclein and exacerbation of motor impairment.Free radical biology & medicine · 2019Article
- Warning SINEs: Alu elements, evolution of the human brain, and the spectrum of neurological disease.Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology · 2018Review
- A myeloperoxidase precursor, pro-myeloperoxidase, is present in human plasma and elevated in cardiovascular disease patients.PloS one · 2018Article
- Review
- Transposable Elements in Human Cancer: Causes and Consequences of Deregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Review
- Exploratory bioinformatics investigation reveals importance of "junk" DNA in early embryo development.BMC genomics · 2017Article
- Alu repeats as transcriptional regulatory platforms in macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis infection.Nucleic acids research · 2016Article
- A Possible Mechanism of Zika Virus Associated Microcephaly: Imperative Role of Retinoic Acid Response Element (RARE) Consensus Sequence Repeats in the Viral Genome.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2016Article
- The role of Alu elements in the cis-regulation of RNA processing.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2015Review
- Forced evolutionInformation sciences · 2015Article
- Evolutionary Design of Gene Networks: Forced Evolution by Genomic Parasites.Parallel processing letters · 2014Article
- Article
- Association of myeloperoxidase with ovarian cancer.Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine · 2014Article
- Dynamic Alu methylation during normal development, aging, and tumorigenesis.BioMed research international · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alu repeats are interspersed repetitive DNA elements specific to primates that are present in 500,000 to 1 million copies. We show here that an Alu sequence encodes functional binding sites for retinoic acid receptors, which are members of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. The consensus sequences for the evolutionarily recent Alu subclasses contain three hexamer half sites, related to the consensus AGGTCA, arranged as direct repeats with a spacing of 2 bp, which is consistent with the binding specificities of retinoic acid receptors. An analysis was made of the DNA binding and transactivation potential of these sites from an Alu sequence that has been previously implicated in the regulation of the keratin K18 gene. These Alu double half sites are shown to bind bacterially synthesized retinoic acid receptors as assayed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These sites are further shown to function as a retinoic acid response element in transiently transfected CV-1 cells, increasing transcription of a reporter gene by a factor of approximately 35-fold. This transactivation requires cotransfection with vectors expressing retinoic acid receptors, as well as the presence of all-trans-retinoic acid, which is consistent with the known function of retinoic acid receptors as ligand-inducible transcription factors. The random insertion of potentially thousands of Alu repeats containing retinoic acid response elements throughout the primate genome is likely to have altered the expression of numerous genes, thereby contributing to evolutionary potential.
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