ArticleClinical and experimental immunology1995
A type 2 (Th2-like) pattern of immune response predominates in the pulmonary interstitium of patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA).
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characterization of lymphocyte populations in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.Respiratory research · 2005Trial
- Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis: mechanisms, limitations and translational insights.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- The Intersection between Immune System and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis-A Concise Review.Fibrosis (Hong Kong, China) · 2025Article
- Pulmonary inflammation and fibroblast immunoregulation: from bench to bedside.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Review
- 5-methyladenosine regulators play a crucial role in development of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- CC Chemokines in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Potential.Biomolecules · 2023Review
- Relevance of RNA N6-Methyladenosine Regulators for Pulmonary Fibrosis: Implications for Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Article
- Dendritic Cell-Mediated Th2 Immunity and Immune Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Review
- Effects of wear particles of polyether-ether-ketone and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum on CD4- and CD8-T-cell responses.Oncotarget · 2018Article
- Type 2 macrophages and Th2 CD4+ cells in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs): an overview.Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG · 2018Review
- Drug-induced interstitial lung disease in the treatment of malignant lymphoma as a potential diagnostic marker: a comparison of serum Krebs von Lungen-6 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CC chemokine ligand 17.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2018Article
- Myofibroblasts and lung fibrosis induced by carbon nanotube exposure.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2016Review
- Circulating thymus and activation-regulated chemokine/CC chemokine ligand 17 is a strong candidate diagnostic marker for interstitial lung disease in patients with malignant tumors: a result from a pilot study.Therapeutics and clinical risk management · 2015Article
- T cell responses: naive to memory and everything in between.Advances in physiology education · 2013Article
- Evidence for a functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling axis in fibrotic lung disease.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2013Article
- STAT6 and lung inflammation.JAK-STAT · 2013Review
- Cytokine gene polymorphisms and serum cytokine levels in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.BMC medical genetics · 2013Article
- Cytokine mediated tissue fibrosis.Biochimica et biophysica acta · 2013Review
- Host responses in tissue repair and fibrosis.Annual review of pathology · 2013Review
- Increased fibroblast telomerase expression precedes myofibroblast α-smooth muscle actin expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
CFA is an inflammatory condition of the lungs resulting in scarring, pulmonary failure and death. The etiology of the disease is unknown, but the pathogenesis is believed to involve a persistent immunological reaction to unidentified antigen in the lung resulting in tissue damage. Recent advances in our understanding of the immune system have shown that different patterns of stimulatory cytokines are produced at sites of inflammation by a range of cell types. Patterns of cytokine reproduction by inflammatory cells are recognized to be associated with different patterns of immunological response, and these have been described as type 1 (or Th1-like) and type 2 (or Th2-like) on this basis. We have studied cytokine expression in the intestinal inflammatory cell infiltrate in lung tissue from patients with CFA using mRNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Our results show that while there is evidence for both a type 1 (characterized by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and type 2 (characterized by IL-4 and IL-5) response present in CFA, the type 2 (or Th2) pattern of cytokines appears to predominate. This would be consistent with a possible role for the humoral immune response in the pathogenesis of this condition. In addition, recent evidence suggests that IL-4 and IFN-gamma may be important regulatory factors for pulmonary fibroblasts. The relative paucity of IFN-gamma may contribute to the excessive fibroblast activation, deposition of collagen and scar formation that occurs in CFA.
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