ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation1995
Mercuric chloride, a chemical responsible for T helper cell (Th)2-mediated autoimmunity in brown Norway rats, directly triggers T cells to produce interleukin-4.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug-Induced Membranous Nephropathy: Piecing Together Clues to Understand Disease Mechanisms.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Preparation of Hypoallergenic Whey Protein Hydrolysate by a Mixture of Alcalase and Prozyme and Evaluation of Its Digestibility and Immunoregulatory Properties.Food science of animal resources · 2023Article
- Genetic control of HgCl2-induced IgE and autoimmunity by a 117-kb interval on rat chromosome 9 through CD4 CD45RChigh T cells.Genes and immunity · 2013Article
- Heavy metal exposure reverses genetic resistance to Chlamydia-induced arthritis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2009Article
- Mercury exposure as a model for deviation of cytokine responses in experimental Lyme arthritis: HgCl2 treatment decreases T helper cell type 1-like responses and arthritis severity but delays eradication of Borrelia burgdorferi in C3H/HeN mice.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2007Article
- Immunomodulation by mercuric chloride in vitro: application of different cell activation pathways.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2007Article
- T cells and B cells in lupus nephritis.Seminars in nephrology · 2007Review
- B7-1 and B7-2 co-stimulatory molecules are required for mercury-induced autoimmunity.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2002Article
- Murine metal-induced systemic autoimmunity: baseline and stimulated cytokine mRNA expression in genetically susceptible and resistant strains.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2001Article
- The immune dysregulatory compound mercuric chloride induces integrin-mediated T-lymphocyte adhesion.Immunology · 2001Article
- Characterization of mercuric mercury (Hg2+)-induced lymphoblasts from patients with mercury allergy and from healthy subjects.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2000Article
- Cytokine regulation of a rodent model of mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity.Environmental health perspectives · 1999Review
- Murine mercury-induced autoimmunity: a model of chemically related autoimmunity in humans.Immunologic research · 1999Review
- Mercury-induced autoimmunity in the absence of IL-4.Clinical and experimental immunology · 1998Article
- Article
- Modulation of the phenotypic and functional properties of phagocytic macrophages by wear particles from orthopaedic implants.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 1997Article
- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-dependent inhibition of T helper cell 2 (Th2)-induced autoimmunity by self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-specific, regulatory CD4(+) T cell lines.The Journal of experimental medicine · 1997Article
- Article
- Mercury: god of Th2 cells?Clinical and experimental immunology · 1995Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mercurials may induce immune manifestations in susceptible individuals. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induced autoimmunity in the Brown Norway (BN) strain but an immuno-suppression in the Lewis strain with, however, autoreactive anti-class II T cells present in both strains. In the present study we looked at modifications of cytokine production by PCR and cytofluorometric analyses in normal BN and Lewis rat splenocytes, cultured with or without HgCl2. Unfractionated BN rat splenocytes and purified T cells exposed to HgCl2 expressed high levels of IL-4 mRNA. Increase in class II and CD23 molecule expression on B cells was partly inhibited by anti-IL-4 mAb showing that IL-4 was produced. By contrast, no overexpression of IL-4 mRNA could be seen in Lewis rats. Although an increase in class II molecule expression was observed suggesting that other T helper cell 2 cytokines were produced, there was also a concomitant decrease in CD23 molecule expression that was abrogated after addition of an anti-IFN-gamma mAb to the culture. IFN-gamma mRNA production was induced in unfractionated spleen cells and T cells from both strains after HgCl2 exposure. Altogether these findings demonstrate that HgCl2 has very early direct effects on cytokine production and that these effects differ depending on the strain. The early effect on IL-4 production observed on BN rat spleen cells and T cells may explain that the autoreactive anti-class II T cells that are found in HgCl2-injected BN rats have a Th2 phenotype.
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