Trial reportEuropean journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology1995
Effects of specific versus cross-training on running performance.
Trial report in European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 381 citations in OpenAlex.
- Measuring Physical Demands in Basketball: An Explorative Systematic Review of Practices.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Effect of exercise duration on session RPE at an individualized constant workload.European journal of applied physiology · 2009Trial
- Benefits of 6-weeks high-intensity circuit training with or without blood flow restriction on physical fitness in active males: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2026Article
- A Retrospective Weekly Rating of Perceived Exertion Measure May Assist Training Load Monitoring in Professional Tennis Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Collegiate Male Soccer Players Reporting Their Perceived Exertion: Differences in Internal and External Intensity between Different RPE Values and Zones.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Performance and Gastrointestinal Symptoms During a High-Intensity Training Session in Elite Rugby Players: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Well-being issues: Its influence on RPE and enjoyment in masters water polo training and the player-coach gap.PloS one · 2026Article
- Sleep-related metrics that predict training intensity: an exploratory study in women's college athletics.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Cross-training between running and cycling: effects on VOFrontiers in sports and active living · 2026Review
- Comparison of the acute effects of traditional and reaction-based HIIT on brain connectivity and cognitive responses.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Impact of post-match fatigue on peak force in elite youth soccer players: Analysis of 48 to 72 hours post-match using the isometric mid-thigh pull exercise.Biology of sport · 2025Article
- Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Is a Valid Method to Monitor Intensity of Exercise in Adults with Acute Burn Injuries.European burn journal · 2025Article
- Investigating the effects of previous injury on subsequent training loads, physical fitness, and injuries in youth female basketball players.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- Creatine kinase and neuromuscular fatigue responses following differing spells of simulated cricket fast bowling.PloS one · 2025Article
- Session-RPE for quantifying workload in olympic curling athletes.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Training Session Models in Endurance Sports: A Norwegian Perspective on Best Practice Recommendations.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Impact of Fruit and Vegetable Enzyme Supplementation on Aerobic Performance and Lactate Response in Older Adults Following High-Intensity Interval Exercise Through Exergaming: Randomized Experimental Matched-Pair Study.JMIR serious games · 2024Article
- Performance of soccer players under acute physical fatigue: An approach based on cognitive, tactical and physical aspects.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Sleep deprivation increases the regularity of isometric torque fluctuations.Experimental brain research · 2024Article
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The cross-training (XT) hypothesis suggests that despite the principle of specificity of training, athletes may improve performance in one mode of exercise by training using another mode. To test this hypothesis we studied 30 well-trained individuals (10 men, 20 women) in a randomized longitudinal trail. Subjects were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of enhanced training (+10%/week), accomplished by adding either running (R) or swimming (XT) to baseline running, versus continued baseline running (C). Both R (-26.4s) and XT (-13.2s) improved time trial (3.2 km) performance, whereas C did not (-5.4s). There were no significant changes during treadmill running in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2peak; -0.2, -6.0, and +2.7%), steady state submaximal VO2 at 2.68 m.s-1 (-1.2, -3.3 and +0.2 ml.kg-1.min-1), velocity at VO2peak (+0.05, +0.25 and +0.09 m.s-1) or accumulated O2 deficit (+11.2, -6.1 and +9.4%) in the R, XT or C groups, respectively. There was a significant increase in velocity associated with a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1 in R but not in XT or C (+0.32, +0.07 and +0.08 m.s-1). There were significant changes in arm crank VO2peak (+5%) and arm crank VO2 at 4 mmol.l-1 (+6.4%) in XT. There was no significant changes in arm crank VO2peak (+1.3 and -7.7%) or arm crank VO2 at 4 mmol.l-1 (+0.8 and +0.4%) in R or C, respectively. The data suggest that muscularly non-similar XT may contribute to improved running performance but not to the same degree as increased specific training.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.