ArticleInfection and immunity1995
Roles of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 in genetically determined resistance to Coccidioides immitis.
Article in Infection and immunity, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coccidioidomycosis in Patients Treated with Dupilumab: A Descriptive Case Series.Mycopathologia · 2026Article
- Immunomodulation in the Treatment of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Dual activation of NLRP3 and pyrin inflammasomes mediates host responses to the human fungal pathogen Coccidioides.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Th2 skewing in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Interferon-γ Therapy in Patients With Refractory Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Review
- Type-2 immune skewing in patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Remodeling and Restraining Lung Tissue Damage Through the Regulation of Respiratory Immune Responses.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Review
- Evaluation of Host Constitutive and Ex Vivo Coccidioidal Antigen-Stimulated Immune Response in Dogs with Naturally Acquired Coccidioidomycosis.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi.Seminars in immunology · 2023Review
- A Chronic Murine Disease Model of Coccidioidomycosis Using Coccidioides posadasii, Strain 1038.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Interleukin-8 Receptor 2 (IL-8R2)-Deficient Mice Are More Resistant to Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis than Control Mice.Infection and immunity · 2020Article
- Proper Care and Feeding of Coccidioides: A Laboratorian's Guide to Cultivating the Dimorphic Stages of C. immitis and C. posadasii.Current protocols in microbiology · 2020Article
- Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis Treated with Interferon-γ and Dupilumab.The New England journal of medicine · 2020Article
- Early Events in Coccidioidomycosis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2019Review
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Coccidioidomycosis: Prognostic Clues and Opportunities for Novel Therapies.Clinical therapeutics · 2019Review
- Inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Responses Co-exist Inside Lung Granuloma of Fatal Cases of Coccidioidomycosis: A Pilot Report.Mycopathologia · 2018Article
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 and Interleukin-1R1 Signaling Contribute to Resistance to Coccidioides immitis.Infection and immunity · 2018Article
- Viable spores of Coccidioides posadasii Δcps1 are required for vaccination and provide long lasting immunity.Vaccine · 2018Article
- Immune Response to Coccidioidomycosis and the Development of a Vaccine.Microorganisms · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The profiles of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) production were evaluated during the course of coccidioidomycosis in two inbred mouse strains which differ in their susceptibility to Coccidioides immitis. Cytokine responses, measured at the molecular and protein levels, showed increased levels of IFN-gamma in lung extracts from mice of the resistant DBA/2 strain after a pulmonary challenge, whereas the susceptible BALB/c strain manifested a predominant IL-4 response. The importance of these cytokines in host defense against C. immitis was established by treating the mice with recombinant cytokines or neutralizing anticytokine monoclonal antibodies. Treatment of the susceptible BALB/c mice with recombinant murine IFN-gamma significantly protected mice against systemic challenge, and in the reciprocal experiment, the administration of an anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibody to the resistant DBA/2 mice significantly decreased their capacity to control disease. Although the treatment of DBA/2 mice with recombinant IL-4 did not alter the disease, neutralization of endogenous IL-4 in infected BALB/c mice by administration of a neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody led to a significant reduction in the fungal load in their tissues. These results, taken together, establish that IFN-gamma plays a pivotal role in resistance to C. immitis, whereas IL-4 down-regulates protective immunity against C. immitis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.