ArticleClinical and experimental immunology1995
Chloroquine inhibits T cell proliferation by interfering with IL-2 production and responsiveness.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 1995. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunosuppression by hydroxychloroquine: mechanistic proof in in vitro experiments but limited systemic activity in a randomized placebo-controlled clinical pharmacology study.Immunologic research · 2023Trial
- Oncogenic RAS induces a distinctive form of non-canonical autophagy mediated by the P38-ULK1-PI4KB axis.Cell research · 2025Article
- Combination of Hydroxychloroquine Plus Azithromycin As Potential Treatment for COVID-19 Patients: Safety Profile, Drug Interactions, and Management of Toxicity.Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2021Review
- Hydroxychloroquine in the COVID-19 pandemic era: in pursuit of a rational use for prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2021Article
- Safety and Effectiveness of Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Combination Therapy for Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Propensity-Matched Study.Cardiology and therapy · 2020Article
- Hydroxychloroquine in rheumatic autoimmune disorders and beyond.EMBO molecular medicine · 2020Review
- Azithromycin for COVID-19: More Than Just an Antimicrobial?Clinical drug investigation · 2020Article
- Could Chloroquine /Hydroxychloroquine Be Harmful in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment?Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- COVID-19 infection also occurs in patients taking hydroxychloroquine.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2020Article
- Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention or Treatment of COVID-19 in Africa: Caution for Inappropriate Off-label Use in Healthcare Settings.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Smooth or Risky Revisit of an Old Malaria Drug for COVID-19?Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2020Review
- Elucidating the Pivotal Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine.Journal of immunology research · 2020Review
- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): Two Potential Targets for COVID-19 Treatment.Mediators of inflammation · 2020Review
- Immune Modulation as a Therapeutic Option During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: The Case for Antimalarial Aminoquinolines.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Chloroquine, the Coronavirus Crisis, and Neurodegeneration: A Perspective.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Article
- Current and Future Use of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Infectious, Immune, Neoplastic, and Neurological Diseases: A Mini-Review.Clinical drug investigation · 2018Review
- Chloroquine inhibits human CD4Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Anti-inflammatory activity of chloroquine and amodiaquine through p21-mediated suppression of T cell proliferation and Th1 cell differentiation.Biochemical and biophysical research communications · 2016Article
- Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases.Inflammopharmacology · 2015Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chloroquine (Chl) is an anti-rheumatic drug that is widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It seems that T cells are important in the pathogenesis of RA, but it is not known whether Chl acts via inhibition of T cell function. We here present evidence that Chl, just like cyclosporine A (CsA), inhibits T cell proliferation as induced with immobilized alpha CD3 MoAb in a concentration-dependent manner, at least partly through interfering with the production of IL-2 protein and the induction of IL-2 mRNA. Furthermore, Chl impedes the responsiveness of T cell clones to IL-2 since (1) the inhibition of alpha CD3 MoAb-induced proliferation by Chl could not be reversed by rIL-2 and (2) Chl directly blocks IL-2-driven proliferation of cloned T cells. Chl appeared to interfere with the internalization (50% inhibition) and degradation (total blockade) of rIL-2. Finally, the combination of Chl and CsA synergistically inhibited T cell proliferation. We conclude that Chl may inhibit functional properties of human T cells, although the drug is 100- to 1000-fold less potent than CsA in inhibiting T cell proliferation and IL-2 production, respectively. It is speculated that the in vitro effects of Chl might be relevant in explaining the anti-rheumatic effect of this drug in patients with RA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.