Striated flagellar roots: isolation and partial characterization of a calcium-modulated contractile organelle.

We report the isolation of striated flagellar roots from the Prasinophycean green alga Tetraselmis striata using sedimentation in gradients of sucrose and flotation on gradients of colloidal silica. PAGE in the presence of 0.1% SDS demonstrates that striated flagellar roots are composed of a number of polypeptides, the most predominant one being a protein of 20,000 Mr. The 20,000 Mr protein band represents approximately 63% of the Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of gels of isolated flagellar roots. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (isoelectric focusing and SDS PAGE) resolves the major 20,000 Mr flagellar root protein into two components of nearly identical Mr, but of differing isoelectric points (i.e., pl's of 4.9 and 4.8), which we have designated 20,000-Mr-alpha and 20,000-Mr-beta, respectively. Densitometric scans of two-dimensional gels of cell extracts indicate that the 20,000-Mr-alpha and -beta polypeptides vary, in their stoichiometry, between 2:1 and 1:1. This variability appears to be related to the state of contraction or extension of the striated flagellar roots at the time of cell lysis. Incubation of cells with 32PO4 followed by analysis of cell extracts by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography reveals that the more acidic 20,000-Mr-beta component is phosphorylated and the 20,000-Mr-alpha component contains no detectable label. These results suggest that the 20,000-Mr-alpha component is converted to the more acidic 20,000-Mr-beta form by phosphorylation. Both the 20,000-Mr-alpha and -beta flagellar root components exhibit a calcium-induced reduction in relative electrophoretic mobilities in two-dimensional alkaline urea gels. Antiserum raised in rabbits against the 20,000-Mr protein binds to both the 20,000-Mr-alpha and 20,000-Mr-beta forms of the flagellar root protein when analyzed by electrophoretic immunoblot techniques. Indirect immunofluorescence on vegetative or interphase cells demonstrate that the antibodies bind to two cyclindrical organelles located in the anterior region of the cell. Immunocytochemical investigations at ultrastructural resolution using this antiserum and a colloidal gold-conjugated antirabbit-IgG reveals immunospecific labeling of striated flagellar roots and their extensions. We conclude that striated flagellar roots are simple ion-sensitive contractile organelles composed predominantly of a 20,000 Mr calcium-binding phosphoprotein, and that this protein is largely responsible for the motile behavior of these organelles.