SynthesisBioMed research international2026
Glycated Haemoglobin Versus Serum Fructosamine in Assessing Glycaemic Control Amongst Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Haemoglobin Variants: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in BioMed research international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Haemoglobin variants lead to shortened red cell lifespan and may affect the reliability of HbA1c. This review synthesised evidence on the validity, reliability and practical utility of HbA1c versus serum fructosamine (SF) in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adults with haemoglobinopathies and mapped assay- and phenotype-specific interferences. A systematic review was conducted on articles indexed in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE and Scopus following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The protocol was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD420251128494). Seventeen studies out of 85 records met the inclusion criteria. HbA1c appeared to remain valid in heterozygous carriers but was unreliable in individuals with homozygous or compound variants, particularly when measured using ion-exchange HPLC. SF may provide an alternative measure of glycaemic status when HbA1c was invalidated by haemoglobin variants. Large cohort evidence showed that fructosamine and glycated albumin maintained strong correlations with fasting glucose and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) indices, achieving high diagnostic accuracy for uncontrolled glycaemia. HbA1c appears appropriate for most heterozygous haemoglobinopathy carriers using NGSP/IFCC-aligned assays, whereas fructosamine and glycated albumin could be reliable short-term alternatives in homozygous or compound variants, contingent on albumin status. Standardised, multicentre accuracy studies across assay families and genotypes are needed to refine guidance.
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