ReviewJornal brasileiro de nefrologia
The cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in 2025: a year in review.
Review in Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
introductionThe cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has emerged as an integrated clinical framework reflecting shared pathobiology and overlapping risk trajectories across cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic diseases. In 2025, this paradigm advanced from a conceptual construct toward an operational strategy, informed by randomized clinical trials, mechanistic studies, and implementation-focused analyses. MAIN
findingsThis Year in Review synthesizes the major randomized clinical trials with prespecified analyses, secondary analyses, mechanistic studies, and trial design reports published during 2025 shaping contemporary CKM care. Evidence consolidated sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists as foundational therapies across heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) phenotypes, with expanding data on earlier initiation, combination strategies, and phenotype-guided application. Incretin-based therapies addressed obesity-driven CKM phenotypes, particularly HF with preserved ejection fraction, while mechanistic trials and biomarker analyses strengthened biological plausibility across inflammatory, endothelial, metabolic, and fibrotic pathways. Advances in vascular prevention highlighted the relevance of residual inflammatory and atherosclerotic risk beyond lipid lowering, and studies targeting anemia, congestion, and acute kidney injury expanded the operational scope of CKM management. Parallel developments in risk stratification incorporated frailty, adiposity, biomarker trajectories, and machine-learning tools, supporting a shift away from single-organ severity thresholds toward integrated, trajectory-based care.
conclusionsThe 2025 evidence base reinforces CKM syndrome as a systems-level disease state addressed through earlier intervention, rational pathway layering, and integrated care models. Future priorities include definitive outcomes trials of combination strategies, pragmatic implementation studies, and improved inclusion of advanced CKD and dialysis populations to ensure equitable translation of CKM advances into clinical practice.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.