SynthesisBMC endocrine disorders2026
The impact of probiotics or synbiotics on individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM): a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC endocrine disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
introductionType 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by insulin deficiency. Probiotics and synbiotics are believed to impact glycemic control. This study aims to evaluate their effects on individuals with T1DM.
methodsA systematic search was conducted from inception to January 2026 in Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, with additional screening of gray literature and reference lists. Randomized controlled trials evaluating probiotics or synbiotics in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROB-2 tool. Data were synthesized using weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals under a random-effects model in STATA-17. Subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analyses were also performed.
resultsFrom 2,722 records, 10 randomized controlled trials were included. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics or synbiotics significantly reduced HbA1c (WMD = -0.58%, 95% CI [-1.00, -0.17]) and fasting blood sugar (WMD = -43.34 mg/dL, 95% CI [-81.71, -4.96]) compared with controls. No significant effects were observed for C-peptide (WMD = -0.03 ng/mL, 95% CI [-0.11, 0.05]) or insulin requirement (WMD = -0.09 U/kg/day, 95% CI [-0.19, 0.01]). A significant reduction was found in total cholesterol (WMD = -7.92, 95 mg/dL CI [-15.73, -0.12]), whereas no significant changes were found for CRP, TG, HDL, LDL, or TNF-α.
conclusionProbiotics or synbiotics may improve glycemic control in T1DM, particularly by reducing HbA1c and fasting blood sugar. The observed HbA1c improvement may be clinically meaningful if sustained. However, evidence for effects on beta-cell function, insulin requirement, inflammatory markers, and most lipid outcomes remains limited. Larger, high-quality trials with standardized interventions are needed to confirm these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.
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