ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2026
Liraglutide and Semaglutide Induce Nitric Oxide-Dependent Contraction of Larger and Relaxation of Smaller Porcine Retinal Resistance Vessels Ex Vivo.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Drugs with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonistic effects are beneficial for the treatment of diabetes and overweight but may be accompanied by an increased risk of vascular complications in the retina and the optic disc. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether GLP-1 agonists can have vasoactive effects on retinal resistance vessels at different branching levels ex vivo and whether these effects depend on nitric oxide (NO). Methods: The diameters of retinal arterioles, precapillary arterioles, and capillaries were studied in perfused porcine hemiretinas ex vivo after intravascular administration of the GLP-1 agonists exendin-4, liraglutide, and semaglutide, alone and in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Results: Exendin-4 had no significant effect on the diameter of retinal arterioles, precapillary arterioles, and capillaries (P > 0.77 for all comparisons). However, liraglutide and semaglutide induced a significant contraction of arterioles and a significant dilatation of precapillary arterioles and capillaries (P < 0.03 for all comparisons). These vasoactive effects disappeared in the presence of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (P > 0.08 for all comparisons). Conclusions: GLP-1 agonists modified to reduce degradation and facilitate binding to plasma proteins can constrict larger and dilate smaller porcine retinal resistance vessels ex vivo. NO synthesis inhibition abolishes the effects, but the specific NO synthase isoform involved, the downstream signaling pathway, and the cellular source of NO remain to be determined. The observed vascular effects may contribute to mediating the adverse effects of GLP-1 agonists on the retina and the optic disc in clinical practice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.