ArticleCureus2026
Association of Vitamin D Deficiency and Poor Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D deficiency is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and may be associated with inadequate glycemic control.
objectiveTo determine the association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Lady Reading Hospital (LRH), Peshawar, Pakistan, from March 2024 to February 2025 among 350 adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements were obtained from hospital laboratory records. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the laboratory standard operating procedure. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL and poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥7.0%. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, independent-samples t-test, and binary logistic regression. Multivariable binary logistic regression was performed to assess the independent association between vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control after adjustment for age, BMI, diabetes duration, hypertension, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, dietary adherence, medication adherence, previous diabetes education, and smoking. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported.
resultsAmong 350 participants, 218 (62.29%) were vitamin D deficient and 132 (37.71%) were non-deficient. Poor glycemic control was present in 226 (64.57%) participants, while 124 (35.43%) had adequate control. Vitamin D deficiency was observed in 164 (72.57%) participants with poor glycemic control compared with 54 (43.55%) with adequate control (p <0.001). Participants with poor glycemic control had lower mean serum 25(OH)D levels than those with adequate control (16.72 ± 6.43 vs. 23.84 ± 7.16 ng/mL; p <0.001). After adjustment for the prespecified covariates listed above, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.76-4.68; p <0.001).
conclusionVitamin D deficiency was common and was independently associated with higher odds of poor glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the cross-sectional design, this association should not be interpreted as causal, and prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationship.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.