ArticleCureus2026
Association of Serum Magnesium Concentration With Microvascular Complications Among Patients Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Observational Cross-Sectional Analysis.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background Persistent high blood sugar levels resulting from reduced insulin production, insulin resistance, or both are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Magnesium (Mg) plays a role in insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. In individuals with T2DM, decreased Mg levels have been associated with decreased insulin function. The relationship between serum Mg levels and microvascular problems in individuals with T2DM was assessed in this study. Materials and methods We conducted an observational cross-sectional research involving 172 adults with T2DM attending the Medicine Department in Central Rajasthan. Serum Mg was measured using an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Neuropathy was evaluated by history, neurological exam (deep tendon reflexes and monofilament testing), and nerve conduction studies if clinically indicated. Kidney function tests and urine examination were used to assess nephropathy, and ophthalmology referral for fundus examination was used to assess retinopathy. Unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) with Yates-corrected chi-squared testing were used to evaluate the association of the serum Mg status with each microvascular complication. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA, USA) and analyzed using SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results Hypomagnesemia, defined as serum Mg < 1.7 mg/dL, was identified in 57 of 172 participants (33.14%), including 30 of 88 men (34.09%) and 27 of 84 women (32.14%). Compared with participants with Mg ≥ 1.7 mg/dL, those with hypomagnesemia had higher unadjusted odds of neuropathy (OR 7.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.08-16.41), nephropathy (OR 4.73, 95% CI 2.06-10.84), and retinopathy (OR 9.35, 95% CI 4.49-19.47). They also had higher HbA1c (10.08% ± 2.07% vs 7.96% ± 1.74%; p < 0.0001) and longer diabetes duration (10.35 ± 5.95 vs 3.42 ± 3.16 years; p < 0.0001). Conclusions In this cohort of adults with T2DM, lower serum Mg levels were associated with poorer glycemic indices and a greater burden of microvascular complications. All ORs were unadjusted, and the groups of different serum Mg levels varied in terms of age, diabetes duration, and HbA1c, so the findings presented must be viewed as exploratory and may be affected by confounding.
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