ArticleInternational microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology2026
Niosomal delivery of cefoxitin enhances antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Article in International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections is a serious threat to human health. Biofilm formation and limited antibiotic penetration reduce the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, highlighting the need for more effective drug-delivery strategies. Niosomes, as promising vesicular drug delivery systems, have shown potential to enhance antibiotic efficacy. This study aimed to encapsulate cefoxitin in niosomes and evaluate its antibacterial effect against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Cefoxitin-loaded niosomes were prepared by thin-layer hydration. Physicochemical properties were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of free cefoxitin and cefoxitin-loaded niosomes were investigated using microdilution and microtiter plate assays, respectively. Time-kill kinetics were further performed to evaluate bacterial killing kinetics. The findings showed the synthesized niosomes were spherical with a size of 142.3 nm. The release of cefoxitin from niosomes was 62.69% during 72 h, while nearly complete release of free cefoxitin occurred within the same period. Notably, antibacterial investigations revealed that although free cefoxitin showed little effect on Gram-negative bacteria at the concentrations studied, niosomal cefoxitin significantly inhibited their bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Additionally, niosomal cefoxitin enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activity compared with free cefoxitin against Gram-positive bacteria. The 72-h time-kill assay showed that niosomal cefoxitin reduced bacterial viability at all time points. The results demonstrate that niosomal delivery enhances the antibacterial activity of cefoxitin and improves its effectiveness against biofilm-forming bacteria.
Indexed as
Identifiers
42920050What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.