ReviewJournal of translational medicine2026
Macrophage-derived exosomes in bone tissue regeneration: spatiotemporal immunomodulation, engineering advances, and translational frontiers.
Review in Journal of translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBone regeneration unfolds through sequential inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling phases, with macrophages functioning as pivotal regulators across these stages. Accumulating evidence identifies macrophage-derived exosomes (M-Exos) as key mediators of intercellular communication that dynamically shape the bone healing microenvironment. MAIN BODY: This review synthesizes current evidence on the spatiotemporal roles of M-Exos during bone healing and discusses how donor macrophage states may shape vesicle function across inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling phases. The discussion elucidates how dynamic macrophage functional states shape exosomal cargo and biological activity during distinct stages of repair. Concurrently, emerging engineering strategies to harness and enhance M-Exos' regenerative functions are evaluated, including exosome engineering, therapeutic cargo optimization, and biomaterial-assisted delivery approaches. In addition, this paper scrutinizes the translational landscape of M-Exos, emphasizing their potential as a cell-free therapeutic modality for bone tissue engineering while outlining key challenges critical for clinical implementation.
conclusionsBy integrating the spatiotemporal functions of macrophage-derived exosomes (M-Exos) and single-cell-resolved landscapes of macrophage functional states, this review delineates the mechanistic links among macrophage state transitions, M-Exo cargo profiles, and regenerative outcomes across distinct phases of bone healing. It further provides a theoretical basis for developing stage-adaptive and functionally tunable M-Exo-based strategies for bone regeneration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.